Table 5.
Effect of alloying elements, fabrication techniques, and post thermomechanical processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of various Zn-based alloys.
| Composition (wt.%) | Processing technique | Microstructural properties |
Mechanical properties |
Ref. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main phase | GS (μm) | σTYS (MPa) | σUTS (MPa) | Ε (%) | σCYS (MPa) | H (HV) | E (GPa) | |||
| Pure Zn | ||||||||||
| Zn | Cast | α-Zn | – | 10 ± 2 | 18 ± 3 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | – | 38 ± 1 | – | [147] |
| HR | – | 30 ± 7 | 50 ± 9 | 5.8 ± 0.8 | – | 39 ± 4 | – | |||
| HE | – | 33 ± 7 | 64 ± 15 | 3.6 ± 1.8 | 103 ± 7 | – | – | |||
| HE | 151 ± 20 | 51 ± 4 | 111 ± 5 | 60 ± 6 | – | 34 ± 2 | – | [178] | ||
| SLM | – | 114 | 134 | 10.1 | – | 42 ± 4 | 23 ± 9.2 | [140] | ||
| PM | – | – | – | 16 | 33 | 18 | 9.1 | [139] | ||
| HE | 100 | – | 24 | 0.3 | – | 25 | – | [94] | ||
| Cast | 500 | – | 20 | 0.3 | – | 30 | – | [214] | ||
| HE | 34 | 57 ± 8 | 112 ± 11 | 63 ± 12 | – | – | – | [102] | ||
| HE | 20 | 55 ± 8 | 97 ± 10 | 7.7 ± 2.7 | 94 ± 13 | 44 ± 6 | – | [164] | ||
| 82 | 60 | 117 | 14.0 | – | – | – | [188] | |||
| Cast | 3094 | 28 | 30 | 0.6 | – | 33 | – | [215] | ||
| HR | 122 | 85 | 118 | 26.7 | – | 33 | – | |||
| HR | – | – | 35 ± 6 | 49 ± 11 | 6 ± 2 | – | 40 ± 7 | – | [216] | |
| HE | α-Zn | 20 | 124 | 164 | 39.3 | 94 | 44 | [213] | ||
| SLM | 104 ± 30 | 43 ± 3 | 61 ± 5 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | – | 50 ± 6 | 12 ± 2.4 | [142] | ||
| Zn plate | HE + DW | – | – | – | 35 ± 2 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | – | 38 ± 8 | – | [71] |
| Zn tube | – | – | – | 45 ± 2 | 7.6 ± 0.2 | – | 41 ± 7 | – | ||
| Porous Zn | LPBF (Hor) | α-Zn | – | 55 ± 0.7 | 79 ± 0.6 | 12 ± 1.5 | – | – | 53 ± 3 | [217] |
| LPBF (Ver) | – | 78 ± 0.4 | 100 ± 0.4 | 10 ± 0.5 | – | – | 88 ± 1.0 | |||
| Zn Alloyed with nutrient elements (Ca, Mg and Sr) | ||||||||||
| Zn-0.002 Mg | HE + DW | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11 | 76 ± 10 | 34 ± 4 | 63 ± 9 | 17 ± 3 | – | 45 ± 1 | – | [151] |
| Zn-0.005 Mg | 7.2 ± 1.5 | 93 ± 1 | 202 ± 60 | 28 ± 2 | – | 93 ± 1 | – | |||
| Zn-0.08 Mg | 6.3 ± 0.8 | 221 ± 14 | 339 ± 42 | 40 ± 3 | – | 103 ± 1 | – | |||
| Zn-0.05 Mg | HE | 20 | 160 | 225 | 26 | – | – | – | [148] | |
| Zn-0.1 Mg | – | 214 | 274 | 10.2 | 201 | 70 | – | [213] | ||
| Zn-0.4 Mg | – | 284 | 353 | 15.2 | 281 | 82 | – | |||
| Zn-0.8 Mg | – | 297 | 386 | 9.3 | 304 | 96 | – | |||
| Zn-0.15 Mg | 6.6 ± 0.8 | 114 ± 8 | 250 ± 9 | 22 ± 4 | – | 52 ± 5 | – | [178] | ||
| Zn-0.5 Mg | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 159 ± 9 | 297 ± 7 | 13 ± 1 | – | 65 ± 4 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0 Mg | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 180 ± 7 | 340 ± 16 | 6 ± 1 | – | 75 ± 4 | – | |||
| Zn-3.0 Mg | – | 291 ± 9 | 399 ± 14 | 1 ± 0.1 | – | 117 ± 6 | – | |||
| Zn-0.02 Mg | HE at 200 °C | 45 | 132 ± 5 | 163 ± 8 | 26 ± 9 | – | – | – | [218] | |
| Zn-0.05 Mg | 24 | 152 ± 5 | 232 ± 5 | 14 ± 2 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.2 Mg | 16 | 179 ± 5 | 234 ± 2 | 8 ± 1 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.5 Mg | 9 | 227 ± 5 | 268 ± 5 | 10 ± 3 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-1.0 Mg | 9 | 262 ± 10 | 326 ± 5 | 5 ± 1 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.02 Mg | HE at 300 °C | 117 | 103 ± 5 | 134 ± 5 | 6 ± 4 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn-0.05 Mg | 85 | 122 ± 5 | 142 ± 5 | 3 ± 1 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.2 Mg | 38 | 170 ± 2 | 205 ± 2 | 1 ± 1 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.5 Mg | 14 | 209 ± 5 | 250 ± 5 | 1 ± 1 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-1.0 Mg | 11 | 252 ± 5 | 317 ± 5 | 2 ± 1 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.02 Mg | Cast | – | 25 | 136 ± 2 | 167 ± 6 | 27 ± 3 | – | 65 ± 4 | – | [219] |
| Zn-0.02 Mg | HE + DW | 1 | 388 ± 2 | 455 ± 2 | 5 ± 3 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn-1.0 Mg | Cast | α-Zn, MgZn2 | – | 130 ± 10 | 180 ± 21 | 2 ± 0.2 | – | 78 ± 3 | – | [147] |
| HE HR |
– | 210 ± 15 | 265 ± 16 | 9 ± 1 | 285 ± 17 | – | – | |||
| – | 192 ± 9 | 237 ± 20 | 13 ± 0.1 | – | 74 ± 4 | – | ||||
| Zn-0.8 Mg | HE | 20 | 203 ± 7 | 301 ± 8 | 13 ± 2 | 186 ± 10 | 83 ± 5 | – | [164] | |
| Zn-1.6 Mg | 20 | 232 ± 8 | 368 ± 8 | 4 ± 0.3 | 257 ± 13 | 97 ± 4 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0 Mg | Cast | 10 | 94 ± 5 | 138 ± 5 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | [104] | |
| HE | 10 | 180 ± 4 | 252 ± 6 | 13 ± 2 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.5 Mg | Cast | – | – | 134 ± 9 | 5 ± 0.7 | – | 67 ± 2 | – | [134] | |
| Zn-1.0 Mg | – | – | 143 ± 15 | 3 ± 0.5 | – | 74 ± 2 | – | |||
| Zn-2.0 Mg | – | – | 154 ± 37 | 2 ± 0.4 | – | 96 ± 4 | – | |||
| Zn-5.0 Mg | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11 MgZn2 | – | – | – | – | – | 101 ± 7 | – | ||
| Zn-7.0 Mg | – | – | – | – | – | 106 ± 2 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0 Mg | Cast | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11 | – | – | 153 | 1.5 | – | 65 | – | [214] |
| Zn-1.5 Mg | – | – | 147 | 0.4 | – | 93 | – | |||
| Zn-3.0 Mg | – | – | 28 | 0.2 | – | 206 | – | |||
| Zn-1.2 Mg | Cast | – | 117 ± 1 | 130 ± 6 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | – | 93 ± 7 | – | [220] | |
| HE | – | 220 ± 15 | 363 ± 5 | 21 ± 2 | – | 96 ± 7 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0 Mg | HE | 30 | 90 ± 20 | 155 ± 15 | 2 ± 0.2 | – | 65 ± 10 | – | [94] | |
| Zn-1.5 Mg | 30 | – | 150 ± 25 | 1 ± 0.3 | – | 100 ± 10 | – | |||
| Zn-3.0 Mg | 50 | – | 32 ± 9 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | – | 210 ± 10 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0 Mg | Cast | 150 | – | 120 | 0.4 | – | – | – | [154] | |
| HE | 0.7 | 316 | 435 | 35 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-1.6 Mg | Cast | 35 | – | 172 ± 12 | – | 245 ± 12 | 82 ± 2 | – | [221] | |
| HE | 10 | 242 ± 14 | 365 ± 18 | 6 ± 2 | 292 ± 11 | 97 ± 3 | – | |||
| RS + HE | 2 | 332 ± 11 | 370 ± 16 | 9 ± 2 | 382 ± 15 | 122 ± 3 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0 Mg | SLM | 10 ± 2.8 | 74 ± 4 | 126 ± 4 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | – | 93 ± 8 | 19 ± 3 | [142] | |
| Zn-2.0 Mg | 6.7 ± 1.8 | 117 ± 5 | 162 ± 6 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | – | 134 ± 7 | 25 ± 3 | |||
| Zn-3.0 Mg | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 152 ± 5 | 222 ± 8 | 7.2 ± 0.4 | – | 177 ± 9 | 48 ± 4 | |||
| Zn-4.0 Mg | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11, MgZn2 | 4.9 ± 1.4 | 132 ± 8 | 166 ± 7 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | – | 199 ± 9 | 58 ± 5 | ||
| Zn-3.0 Mg | Cast | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11 | 48 | 65 ± 9 | 84 ± 9 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | – | 200 ± 7 | 132 ± 4 | [160] |
| Hom | 30 | 36 ± 3 | 46 ± 1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | – | 175 ± 8 | 84 ± 3 | |||
| 1-pass ECAP | 2.3 | 137 ± 2 | 153 ± 4 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | – | 180 ± 4 | 205 ± 9 | |||
| 2-pass ECAP | 1.8 | 205 ± 4 | 220 ± 3 | 6.3 ± 0.9 | – | 186 ± 4 | 210 ± 8 | |||
| Cast | – | – | 104 ± 8 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | – | 201 ± 7 | – | [222] | ||
| Hom | – | – | 88 ± 1 | 8.8 ± 0.1 | – | 175 ± 8 | – | |||
| Zn-0.1 Mg | Cast | α-Zn | 160 ± 22 | 72 ± 8 | 81 ± 10 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | – | 45 ± 6 | – | [215] |
| Zn-0.2 Mg | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11 | 100 ± 25 | 82 ± 9 | 100 ± 8 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | – | 47 ± 8 | – | ||
| Zn-0.4 Mg | 70 ± 11 | 92 ± 11 | 108 ± 12 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | – | 53 ± 12 | – | |||
| Zn-0.8 Mg | 65 ± 9 | 112 ± 11 | 125 ± 10 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | – | 71 ± 19 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0 Mg | PM | α-Zn, MgZn2 | 7.3 | – | – | 5.6 ± 1.4 | 245 ± 12 | 81 ± 5 | 80 ± 4 | [138] |
| Zn–25Mg | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11, MgZn2 | – | – | – | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 403 ± 14 | 180 ± 8 | 86 ± 5 | ||
| Zn–4Mg | HR | – | – | 236 ± 22 | 287 ± 21 | 16 ± 6 | – | 72 ± 11 | – | [216] |
| Zn-0.05 Mg | HR | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 197 ± 4 | 227 ± 5 | 34 ± 3 | – | – | – | [179] |
| Zn-0.05Mg-0.1Mn | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11, MnZn13 |
0.7 ± 0.2 | 230 ± 3 | 274 ± 5 | 41 ± 1 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn-0.05Mg-0.5Cu | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11, ε-CuZn4 |
0.5 ± 0.1 | 241 ± 5 | 312 ± 2 | 44 ± 2 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn-1.5 Mg | Cast | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11 | – | 120 ± 5 | 151 ± 13 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | – | 154 ± 23 | – | [135] |
| Zn-1.5Mg-0.1Ca | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11, CaZn13 | – | 174 ± 15 | 241 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | – | 150 ± 20 | – | ||
| Zn-1.5Mg-0.1Sr | α-Zn, MgZn2, SrZn13 | – | 130 ± 8 | 209 ± 10 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | – | 150 ± 20 | – | ||
| Zn-1.5 Mg | Cast | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11 | – | – | 150 | – | 245 | 93 ± 9 | – | [223] |
| Zn-1.5Mg-0.5Ca | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11, CaZn11 | – | 93 | 128 | – | 317 | 122 ± 14 | – | ||
| Zn-1.5 Mg | HE | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11 | – | 242 | 367 | – | 315 | 101 ± 11 | – | |
| Zn-1.5Mg-0.5Ca | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11, CaZn11 | – | 205 | 351 | – | 346 | 127 ± 9 | – | ||
| Zn-0.5Mg-0.1Ca | HE | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11, CaZn13 | 10–20 | 140 ± 7 | 273 ± 14 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | – | 85 ± 4 | – | [180] |
| Zn-1.0Mg-0.1Ca | 10–20 | 144 ± 5 | 370 ± 15 | 5.4 ± 0.2 | – | 100 ± 5 | – | |||
| Zn-1.5Mg-0.1Ca | 10–20 | 160 ± 6 | 442 ± 18 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | – | 111 ± 7 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0Mg-1.0Ca | Cast | 10–50 | 80 ± 9 | 131 ± 16 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | – | 92 ± 10 | – | [55] | |
| HE | 10–50 | 205 ± 10 | 257 ± 13 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 300 ± 55 | – | – | |||
| HR | 10–50 | 138 ± 9 | 198 ± 20 | 8.5 ± 1.3 | – | 107 ± 10 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0Mg-1.0Sr | Cast | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11, SrZn13 | 10–50 | 87 ± 7 | 138 ± 9 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | – | 85 ± 2 | – | |
| HE | 10–50 | 202 ± 5 | 253 ± 18 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 383 ± 71 | – | – | |||
| HR | 10–50 | 140 ± 10 | 201 ± 10 | 9.7 ± 1 | – | 92 ± 5 | – | |||
| Zn-0.02Mg-0.02Cu | HE | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11, | 13 ± 2 | 216 ± 3 | 262 ± 5 | 28 ± 2 | – | 74 ± 2 | – | [224] |
| Zn-1.0Mg-0.1Sr | Cast | α-Zn, MgZn2, SrZn13 | – | 109 ± 14 | 132 ± 10 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | – | 94 ± 7 | – | [225] |
| Zn-1.0Mg-0.5Sr | – | 129 ± 5 | 144 ± 15 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | – | 109 ± 8 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0Mg-0.1Sr | HR | α-Zn, MgZn2, SrZn13 | – | 197 ± 13 | 300 ± 6 | 23 ± 3 | – | 104 ± 10 | – | |
| Zn-1.0Mg-0.1Mn | Cast | α-Zn, MgZn2, Mn | – | 114 | 132 | 1.1 | – | 98 | – | [226] |
| HR | – | 195 | 299 | 26.1 | – | 108 | – | |||
| Zn-1.5Mg-0.1Mn | Cast | – | 114 | 122 | 0.8 | – | 149 | – | ||
| Zn–1Mg-0.1Zr | HE | α-Zn, Mg2Zn11, Zn22Zr | – | 248 ± 3 | 314 ± 2 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 300 ± 2 | 94 ± 3 | – | [227] |
| Zn–1Mg-0.25Zr | – | 236 ± 2 | 300 ± 2 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 289 ± 2 | 93 ± 3 | – | |||
| Zn–1Mg-0.4Zr | – | 241 ± 4 | 316 ± 3 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 301 ± 2 | 95 ± 4 | – | |||
| Zn-0.1Ca | HE | α-Zn, CaZn13 | – | 127 | 169 | 37.9 | 122 | 45 | – | [213] |
| Zn-0.4Ca | – | 116 | 166 | 26.7 | 111 | 44 | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Ca | – | 127 | 173 | 27.9 | 111 | 44 | – | |||
| Zn–1Ca | Cast | – | 119 ± 7 | 165 ± 14 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | – | 73 ± 7 | – | [147] | |
| HE | – | 200 ± 10 | 242 ± 10 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 281 ± 29 | – | – | |||
| HR | – | 206 ± 7 | 252 ± 10 | 12.7 ± 1 | – | 63 ± 3 | – | |||
| Zn–1Ca–1Sr | Cast | α-Zn, CaZn13, SrZn13 | 10–50 | 86 ± 5 | 140 ± 9 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | – | 91 ± 12 | – | [55] |
| HE | 10–50 | 212 ± 15 | 260 ± 15 | 6.7 ± 1.1 | 340 ± 43 | – | – | |||
| HR | 10–50 | 144 ± 9 | 203 ± 10 | 8.8 ± 1.2 | – | 87 ± 7 | – | |||
| Zn-0.1Sr | HE | α-Zn, SrZn13 | – | 89 | 139 | 34.5 | 88 | 44 | – | [213] |
| Zn-0.4Sr | – | 106 | 153 | 20.2 | 94 | 44 | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Sr | – | 104 | 151 | 30.0 | 105 | 48 | – | |||
| Zn–1Sr | Cast | – | 120 ± 6 | 171 ± 14 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | – | 62 ± 7 | – | [147] | |
| HE | – | 218 ± 6 | 264 ± 10 | 10.6 ± 1 | 341 ± 36 | – | – | |||
| HR | – | 188 ± 6 | 229 ± 10 | 20 ± 2 | – | 62 ± 5 | – | |||
| Zn-1.1Sr | HR | – | – | 220 ± 25 | 250 ± 30 | 22 ± 4 | – | 74 ± 10 | – | [216] |
| Zn Alloyed with crucial elements (Cu, Fe and Mn) | ||||||||||
| Zn-0.4Cu | HE | α-Zn, CuZn5 | – | 150 | 197 | 40.2 | 139 | 59 | – | [213] |
| Zn-0.8Cu | – | 184 | 234 | 33.1 | 165 | 69 | – | |||
| Zn–2Cu | – | 223 | 270 | 40.7 | 233 | 75 | – | |||
| Zn–1Cu | Cast | <237 | 26 | 33 | 3.9 | – | – | – | [228] | |
| Zn–2Cu | <237 | 50 | 60 | 3.4 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–4Cu | <237 | 73 | 105 | 3.3 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–1Cu | HR | 27.5 | 236 | 291 | 38.9 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn–2Cu | 27.5 | 275 | 328 | 48.8 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–4Cu | 27.5 | 327 | 393 | 44.6 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–1Cu | HE | 33.7 | 149 ± 1 | 186 ± 1 | 21 ± 4 | – | – | – | [162] | |
| Zn–2Cu | 6.9 | 200 ± 4 | 240 ± 1 | 47 ± 1.4 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–3Cu | 4.7 | 213 ± 1 | 257 ± 1 | 47 ± 1 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–4Cu | 2.3 | 227 ± 5 | 271 ± 1 | 51 ± 3 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.5Cu | HE | 38 ± 19 | 131 ± 1 | 180 ± 1 | 27 ± 1 | – | – | – | [170] | |
| ECAP | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 48 ± 1 | 94 ± 1 | 345 ± 12 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–4Cu | HE | – | 250 ± 10 | 270 ± 10 | 51 ± 2 | – | – | – | [149] | |
| Zn–3Cu | HE | – | 247 ± 8 | 288 ± 4 | 50 ± 3 | – | 67 ± 1 | – | [105] | |
| Zn–3Cu-0.5Fe | α-Zn, CuZn5, FeZn13 | – | 232 ± 3 | 284 ± 2 | 33 ± 4 | – | 76 ± 1 | – | ||
| Zn–3Cu-1.0Fe | – | 222 ± 6 | 272 ± 7 | 20 ± 1.4 | – | 82 ± 1 | – | |||
| Zn–3Cu | HE | α-Zn, CuZn5 | – | 214 | 257 | 47.1 | – | – | – | [163] |
| Zn–3Cu-0.1 Mg | α-Zn, CuZn5, Mg2Zn11 | 2–11 | 340 ± 15 | 360 ± 15 | 5 ± 1 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn–3Cu-0.5 Mg | 2–11 | 400 ± 10 | 420 ± 5 | 2 ± 1 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–3Cu-1.0 Mg | 2–11 | 425 ± 5 | 440 ± 5 | 1 ± 0.5 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–1Cu-0.1Ti | Cast | – | – | 177 | 200 | 21 | – | – | – | [86] |
| Zn–1Cu-0.2Mn - 0.1Ti | – | – | 196 | 212 | 19 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn–2Cu | Cast | α-Zn, CuZn5 | – | 96 | 128 | 2.1 | – | – | – | [229] |
| Zn–2Cu-0.05Ti | α-Zn, CuZn5, TiZn16 | 132 | 177 | 2.5 | ||||||
| Zn–2Cu-0.1Ti | 113 | 146 | 1.8 | |||||||
| Zn–1Cu-0.1Ti | Cast | α-Zn, ε-CuZn5, TiZn16 | 54 ± 8 | 86 ± 3 | 92 ± 4 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | – | 73 ± 0.6 | – | [152] |
| Cast + HR | 84 ± 13 | 175 ± 4 | 206 ± 6 | 39 ± 1.4 | – | 71 ± 1.8 | – | |||
| HR + Cold rolling | – | 204 ± 4 | 250 ± 4 | 75 ± 2 | – | 56 ± 0.8 | – | |||
| Zn-0.1Fe | HE | α-Zn, FeZn11 | – | 109 | 149 | 41.9 | 91 | 41 | – | [213] |
| Zn-0.4Fe | – | 123 | 159 | 47.4 | 108 | 42 | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Fe | – | 127 | 163 | 28.1 | 111 | 53 | – | |||
| Zn-0.3Fe | Cast | α-Zn, FeZn13 | 24.4 | – | 47.2 ± 2.6 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 112 ± 7 | – | – | [192] |
| BCWC | 7.5 | 70.5 ± 0.7 | 76.4 ± 2.0 | 1.18 ± 0.04 | 117 ± 4 | – | – | |||
| Zn-1.3Fe | Cast | α-Zn, Zn11Fe | – | 80 ± 4.6 | 134 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | – | 56 ± 2 | – | [230] |
| Zn-0.1Mn | HE | α-Zn, MnZn13 | – | 131 | 177 | 39.8 | 125 | 54 | – | [213] |
| Zn-0.4Mn | – | 160 | 214 | 43.6 | 136 | 57 | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Mn | – | 156 | 190 | 83.8 | 145 | 50 | – | |||
| Zn-0.1Mn | – | 132 ± 3 | 178 ± 8 | 40 ± 3.7 | 129 ± 11 | 55 ± 0.7 | – | [231] | ||
| Zn-0.4Mn | – | 162 ± 9 | 215 ± 5 | 44 ± 1.6 | 136 ± 7 | 58 ± 3.2 | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Mn | – | 158 ± 7 | 191 ± 11 | 84 ± 1.9 | 142 ± 6 | 51 ± 1.2 | – | |||
| Zn-0.2Mn | 4 | 132 | 220 | 48 | – | – | – | [188] | ||
| Zn-0.4Mn | 3 | 123 | 198 | 54 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.6Mn | 2 | 118 | 182 | 71 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.42Mn | 7.0 ± 3.2 | 187 ± 1 | 251 ± 1 | 24 ± 2 | – | – | – | [170] | ||
| Zn-0.42Mn | ECAP | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 148 ± 8 | 188 ± 6 | 93 ± 3 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn-4.0Mn | PM | α-Zn, MnZn13, MnZn3 | <100 nm | – | – | 14.9 | 291 | 102 | – | [139] |
| Zn-24.0Mn | α-Zn, MnZn3, Mn0·27Zn0.73 | <100 nm | – | – | 6.7 | 132 | 71 | – | ||
| Zn-0.34Mn | Cast | α-Zn, MnZn13 | 420 | 98 ± 4 | 105 ± 4 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | [189] |
| HR | – | 155 ± 13 | 226 ± 10 | 37 ± 10 | – | – | – | |||
| HR + Cold rolling | 2.1 | 118 ± 6 | 167 ± 4 | 76 ± 1.2 | – | – | – | |||
| HR + AC + Cold rolling | – | 120 ± 3 | 167 ± 1 | 89 ± 8 | – | – | – | |||
| HR + WC + Cold rolling | – | 184 ± 2 | 234 ± 2 | 54 ± 4 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.76Mn | Cast | 187 | 130 ± 4 | 155 ± 8 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | ||
| HR | – | 137 ± 17 | 191 ± 18 | 46 ± 13 | – | – | – | |||
| HR + Cold rolling | 1.9 | 95 ± 6 | 141 ± 4 | 48 ± 10 | – | – | – | |||
| HR + AC + Cold rolling | – | 114 ± 1 | 153 ± 2 | 92 ± 16 | – | – | – | |||
| HR + WC + Cold rolling | – | 142 ± 4 | 194 ± 4 | 91 ± 18 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.5Mn | Multi-pass extrusion | 0.35 | – | – | 236 | – | – | – | [190] | |
| Zn-0.8Mn | Cast | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 98 ± 2 | 105 ± 2.6 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | – | – | – | [232] | |
| HE | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 127 ± 2.4 | 219 ± 0.5 | 62 ± 4.4 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Mn - 0.4Ag | Cast | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 33 ± 3.2 | 57 ± 5.5 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | ||
| HE | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 156 ± 6 | 251 ± 7.3 | 63 ± 4.2 | – | – | – | |||
| HR | 2.0–4.0 | 173 ± 1.1 | 262 ± 1.7 | 46 ± 9.5 | – | – | – | [233] | ||
| Zn-0.8Mn - 0.4Cu | Cast | 3.0 ± 1.5 | 113 ± 0.2 | 117 ± 3.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | [232] | |
| HE | 1.1 0.8 | 191 ± 4.1 | 308 ± 0.6 | 39 ± 5.4 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Mn - 0.4Ca | Cast | α-Zn, MnZn13, CaZn13 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 112 ± 3.4 | 120 ± 6.3 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | [169] |
| HE | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 253 ± 1.3 | 343 ± 1.6 | 8 ± 1.4 | – | – | – | |||
| HR | 2.5–2.8 | 245 ± 5.7 | 323 ± 11 | 12 ± 0.9 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.35Mn - 0.41Cu | Cast | α-Zn, MnZn13, MnCuZn18 | 7.5 ± 2.6 | 77 | 84 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | [145] |
| HR | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 198 ± 7 | 292 ± 3 | 30 ± 3.8 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.75Mn - 0.40Cu | Cast | 7.9 ± 4.8 | 113 | 120 ± 3 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | ||
| HR | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 196 ± 11 | 278 ± 4 | 15.3 ± 4 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–1Mn - 0.1Fe | Cast | α-Zn, MnZn13, FeZn13 | 384 | 92 ± 8 | 99 ± 3 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | [234] |
| Zn–1Mn - 0.5Fe | 384 | 96 ± 2 | 98 ± 2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–1Mn - 0.1Fe | HR | – | 122 ± 38 | 162 ± 15 | 37 ± 3 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn–1Mn - 0.5Fe | – | 114 ± 7 | 157 ± 4 | 7.7 ± 5.9 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–1Mn - 0.1Ti | Cast | – | – | 180 | 198 | 7 | – | – | – | [86] |
| Zn Alloyed with other elements | ||||||||||
| Zn-0.4Ag | HE | α-Zn, ε-AgZn3 | – | 127 | 167 | 38.1 | 88 | 50 | – | [213] |
| Zn-0.8Ag | – | 134 | 184 | 58.3 | 82 | 58 | – | |||
| Zn-2.0Ag | – | 186 | 231 | 36.7 | 145 | 55 | – | |||
| Zn-2.5Ag | 16 | 147 ± 7 | 203 ± 5 | 35 ± 4 | – | – | – | [102] | ||
| Zn-5.0Ag | 4.2 | 210 ± 10 | 252 ± 7 | 37 ± 3 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-7.0Ag | 1.5 | 236 ± 12 | 287 ± 13 | 32 ± 2 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-4.0Ag | Cast + TT | – | 157 | 261 | 37 | – | 73 | – | [167] | |
| Cast + TT + PH | – | 149 | 215 | 24 | – | 82 | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Ag | ECAP (X-direction) | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 37 ± 0.8 | 83 ± 0.5 | 390 ± 22 | 75 ± 2.6 | – | – | [171] | |
| ECAP (Y-direction) | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 38.5 ± 2.7 | 83.4 ± 2.7 | 448 ± 68 | 38.5 ± 2.7 | – | – | |||
| ECAP (Z-direction) | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 37.9 ± 2.3 | 92.7 ± 1.6 | 428 ± 23 | 37.9 ± 2.3 | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.82Ag | Ext | 50 ± 25 | 114 ± 1 | 160 ± 1 | 18 ± 1 | – | – | – | [170] | |
| ECAP | 3.2 ± 2.6 | 76 ± 2 | 96 ± 1 | 143 ± 7 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–2Ag | SLM | 83 | – | – | – | 199 ± 28 | 55 ± 5 | – | [141] | |
| Zn–4Ag | 55 | – | – | – | 216 ± 19 | 80 ± 4 | – | |||
| Zn–6Ag | 25 | – | – | – | 293 ± 55 | 80 ± 3 | – | |||
| Zn–8Ag | 45 | – | – | – | 267 ± 29 | 78 ± 4 | – | |||
| Zn–4Ag | HE | 18.0 | – | 228 ± 5 | 27 ± 3 | – | – | – | [235] | |
| Zn–4Ag-0.2Mn | – | – | 267 ± 9 | 25 ± 6 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–4Ag-0.4Mn | 2.4 | – | 281 ± 5 | 29 ± 3 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn–4Ag-0.6Mn | 1.8 | – | 302 ± 7 | 35 ± 4 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.5Al | α-Zn | 19.4 ± 2.8 | 119 ± 2 | 203 ± 10 | 33 ± 1.2 | – | 59 ± 6 | – | [178] | |
| Zn-1.0Al | 14.4 ± 1.2 | 113 ± 6 | 223 ± 4 | 24 ± 4.2 | – | 73 ± 5 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0Al | HR | – | – | 197 | 238 | 24.0 | – | – | – | [146] |
| Zn-3.0Al | 202 | 223 | 31.0 | – | – | – | ||||
| Zn-5.0Al | 240 | 308 | 16.0 | – | – | – | ||||
| Zn-2.0Al | LPBF | α-Zn, α-Al | 5.53 | 142 ± 4 | 192 ± 5 | 12 ± 2 | – | 65 ± 2 | – | [143] |
| Zn-0.5Al | Cast | α-Zn | – | – | 79 ± 2 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | – | 71 ± 2 | – | [136] |
| Zn-0.5Al-0.1 Mg | α-Zn, Mg2(Zn, Al)11 | – | – | 87 ± 3 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | – | 79 ± 3 | – | ||
| Zn-0.5Al-0.3 Mg | – | – | 93 ± 3 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | – | 87 ± 3 | – | |||
| Zn-0.5Al-0.5 Mg | – | – | 102 ± 4 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | – | 94 ± 4 | – | |||
| Zn-4.0Al-1.0Cu | HE | – | 171 | 210 | 1 | – | 80 | – | [94] | |
| Zn-0.5Al-0.5 Mg | Cast | α-Zn, Mg2(Zn, Al)11, α-Mg3Bi2 | – | – | 92 ± 2 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | – | 94 ± 4 | – | [205] |
| Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-0.1Bi | – | – | 102 ± 4 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | – | 102 ± 5 | – | |||
| Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-0.3Bi | – | – | 108 ± 4 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | – | 109 ± 5 | – | |||
| Zn-0.5Al-0.5Mg-0.5Bi | – | – | 98 ± 3 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | – | 99 ± 4 | – | |||
| ZA4-1 (3.5–4.5Al, 0.75–1.25Cu, 0.03–0.08 Mg) | HE | α-Zn, α-Al | – | 80 ± 6 | 187 ± 12 | 170 ± 11 | 161 ± 9 | 52 ± 3 | – | [236] |
| ZA4-3 (3.5–4.3Al, 2.5–3.2Cu, 0.03–0.06 Mg) | – | 110 ± 12 | 201 ± 14 | 126 ± 10 | 167 ± 6 | 56 ± 2 | – | |||
| ZA6-1 (5.6–6.0Al, 1.2–1.6Cu) | – | 130 ± 9 | 228 ± 14 | 111 ± 13 | 233 ± 8 | 67 ± 7 | – | |||
| Zn-5Ge | Cast | α-Zn, eutectic Ge | 32.2 | 48 ± 2 | 54 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | – | 68 ± 2 | – | [168] |
| HR | – | 175 ± 2 | 237 ± 3 | 22 ± 2.8 | – | 60 ± 1.7 | – | |||
| Zn-0.1Li | HE | α-Zn, LiZn4 | 21.7 ± 11 | 189 ± 5 | 230 ± 1 | 4 ± 0.6 | – | – | – | [211] |
| Zn-0.3Li | 6.4 ± 1.7 | 292 ± 4 | 367 ± 7 | 19 ± 1 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.4Li | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 364 ± 9 | 405 ± 7 | 27 ± 11 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.1Li | – | 341 | 431 | 28.1 | 306 | 108 | – | [213] | ||
| Zn-0.4Li | 387 | 520 | 5.0 | 434 | 164 | |||||
| Zn-0.8Li | – | – | – | – | 454 | 216 | – | |||
| Zn-0.1Li | HE + DW | 3 ± 0.5 | 238 ± 60 | 274 ± 61 | 17 ± 7 | – | 97 ± 2 | – | [101] | |
| Zn-0.2Li | HR | 50 | 240 ± 10 | 360 ± 15 | 14 ± 2 | – | 98 ± 6 | – | [103] | |
| Zn-0.4Li | 10 | 425 ± 15 | 440 ± 5 | 14 ± 3 | – | 115 ± 7 | – | |||
| Zn-0.7Li | 10 | 475 ± 50 | 565 ± 2 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | – | 137 ± 8 | – | |||
| Zn-0.5Li | HE | 10 | – | 365 | 22 | – | – | – | [237] | |
| Zn-0.5Li (mini tube) | 10 | – | 296 | 33 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.1Li | 26 | 189 ± 5 | 230 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | – | – | – | [238] | ||
| Zn-0.8Li | HR | 4.1 | 186 ± 5 | 238 ± 5 | 75 ± 6 | – | – | – | [239] | |
| Zn-0.8Li | Cast | α-Zn, LiZn4 | 30–100 | 195 ± 21 | 214 ± 34 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | [240] |
| HWR | 0.3–0.7 | 262 ± 41 | 401 ± 52 | 81 ± 10 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Li-0.2Ag | HR | α-Zn, LiZn4, AgZn | 2.3 | 196 ± 5 | 255 ± 4 | 98 ± 9 | – | – | – | [239] |
| Zn-0.8Li-0.2 Mg | HR | α-Zn, LiZn4, Mg2Zn11 | – | 254 ± 5 | 341 ± 5 | 31 ± 6 | – | – | – | |
| Zn-0.1Li | HE | α-Zn, ε-LiZn4 | – | 346 | 431 | 27.8 | – | – | – | [213] |
| Zn-0.1Li-0.4 Mg | α-Zn, ε-LiZn4, Mg2Zn11 | – | 334 | 389 | 1.74 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn-0.1Li-0.8 Mg | – | 356 | 412 | 2.41 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.4Li | α-Zn, ε-LiZn4 | – | 389 | 519 | 5.62 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn-0.4Li-0.4 Mg | α-Zn, ε-LiZn4, Mg2Zn11 | – | 376 | 502 | 4.49 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn-0.4Li-0.8 Mg | – | 401 | 520 | 1.56 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Li-0.4 Mg | – | 438 | 646 | 3.68 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Li-0.8 Mg | – | 429 | 462 | 1.83 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.1Li | HE | α-Zn, ε-LiZn4 | – | 346 | 431 | 27.8 | – | – | – | [213] |
| Zn-0.1Li-0.1Mn | α-Zn, ε-LiZn4, MnZn13 | – | 280 | 412 | 59.2 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn-0.1Li-0.4Mn | – | 299 | 427 | 52.8 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.1Li-0.8Mn | – | 241 | 361 | 69.4 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.4Li | α-Zn, ε-LiZn4 | – | 389 | 519 | 5.62 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn-0.4Li-0.1Mn | α-Zn, ε-LiZn4, MnZn13 | – | 276 | 449 | 63.3 | – | – | – | ||
| Zn-0.4Li-0.4Mn | – | 322 | 458 | 75.3 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.4Li-0.8Mn | – | 270 | 443 | 70.3 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Li-0.1Mn | – | 367 | 551 | 63.8 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Li-0.4Mn | – | 336 | 493 | 73.2 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.8Li-0.8Mn | – | 357 | 513 | 103.5 | – | – | – | |||
| Zn-0.01Ti | Cast | α-Zn | 600 | 64 ± 1 | 101 ± 4 | 8.5 ± 3.2 | – | 38 ± 2 | – | [241] |
| Zn-0.1Ti | α-Zn, Zn16Ti | 87 | 68 ± 2 | 115 ± 3 | 12.5 ± 4.4 | – | 44 ± 3 | – | ||
| Zn-0.3Ti | 23 | 87 ± 6 | 141 ± 5 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | – | 53 ± 5 | – | |||
| Zn-0.5Ti | – | 81 ± 1 | 150 ± 5 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | – | 51 ± 3 | – | |||
| Zn-1.0Ti | – | 122 ± 1 | 177 ± 7 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | – | 65 ± 7 | – | |||
| Zn-0.01Ti | HE | α-Zn | 14 | 177 ± 24 | 269 ± 5 | 10.9 ± 0.4 | – | 72 ± 2 | – | |
| Zn-0.1Ti | α-Zn, Zn16Ti | – | 163 ± 13 | 207 ± 3 | 43.8 ± 1.9 | – | 60 ± 4 | – | ||
| Zn-0.3Ti | – | 143 ± 6 | 199 ± 2 | 29.8 ± 1.4 | – | 54 ± 2 | – | |||
| Zn-0.01Zr | α-Zn, Zn22Zr | 93 ± 42 | 72 | 123 | 13 | – | 33 | – | [194] | |
| Zn-0.02Zr | 97 ± 52 | 78 | 131 | 12 | – | 36 | – | |||
| Zn-0.05Zr | 42 ± 26 | 100 | 157 | 22 | – | 38 | – | |||
| Zn-0.1Zr | 45 ± 27 | 100 | 157 | 24 | – | 32 | – | |||
HE: Hot extrusion; HR: hot rolling; Hom: homogenization; DW: Drawing; PM: powder metallurgy; RS: rapid solidification; SLM: selective laser melting; AC: Air cooling; WC: Water cooling; TT: thermal treatment; PH: precipitation hardening; ECAP: equal channel angular pressing; HWR: hot warm rolling; GS: grain size; σTYS: tensile yield strength; σUTS: ultimate tensile strength; ε: strain; σCYS: compressive yield strength; E: Young's modulus; H: Vickers hardness. BCWC: Bottom circulating water-cooled casting.