Figure 1.

A schematic of genetic effects on growth traits, with color gradients showing the approximate timing of genetic effects based on current knowledge. Some questions remain, for example, the extent to which maternal effects persist to adulthood and which height variants act during postnatal, but not fetal, growth. In MR studies, adult height-associated variants have typically been used to create genetic instruments to test causality with health outcomes. For BMI, more work has been done using childhood BMI-associated variants (with some example outcomes shown here). AFIB, atrial fibrillation; VT, venous thromboembolism; IDD, intervertebral disc disorder; CAD, coronary artery disease; T2D, type 2 diabetes.