Table 1.

MR methods assessed in this study.

MR method	Data required	Pleiotropy correction	LD correction	Minimum no. of IVs required
MR-link	Sumstats: E; ILD: O	Yes	Yes	1
Inverse variance weighted (IVW)28	Sumstats: O, E	No	No	1
LDA-MR-Egger17	Sumstats: O, E, LDR	Yes	Yes	3
MR-Egger18	Sumstats: O, E	Yes	No	3
MR-PRESSOa,19	Sumstats: O, E	Yes	No	3a

MR methods assessed in our simulation with information about the type of data needed to make a causal estimate, the ability to correct for pleiotropy or linkage disequilibrium, and the minimum number of instrumental variables required.

IVW inverse variance weighting, Sumstats summary statistics, ILD individual-level data, O outcome, E exposure, LDR linkage disequilibrium reference panel. For more details, see “Methods”.

^aWe refer here to the MR-PRESSO test that reports estimates after identifying and removing outliers, as the test without outliers generalizes to IVW estimates.