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Possible mechanisms of remote ischemic preconditioning. The protective signals generated from the remote organ(s) are transmitted to the brain possibly through three pathways: neuronal (pink shading), humoral (purple shading), and immunological pathway (green shading). After being transmitted to the brain through the above three pathways, these signals induce autophagy activation and functional changes in the mitochondria, which is called a common signaling pathway.
