Table 1.

Representative reported methods of cerebral ischemic preconditioning.

Classic mechanical preconditioning	Local ischemic preconditioning	In vivo	Focal ischemic preconditioning	Global-Global (20, 42–44) Global-Focal (45)
			Global ischemic preconditioning	Focal-Focal (46) Focal-Global (47)
		In vitro	Oxygen–glucose deprivation (48, 49)
	Remote ischemic preconditioning	Kidney (50, 51), mesenteric artery (52), liver (53), limbs (54–56), etc.
Cross-preconditioning	Hyperoxic/Hypoxic preconditioning (57–82)
	Hypothermia and Hyperthermia preconditioning (58–62)
	Chemical/Pharmacological preconditioning (63–77, 83–87)
	Other methods, including cortical spreading depression (36, 37), electroacupuncture (88), ketogenic diet (89), exercise (90), transcranial low-level light therapy (91), etc.