Table 4. Overview of Greenhouse and Field Studies Conducted on HILsa.
| greenhouse studies |
field studies |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anion | cation | amount of AI applied (g/ha) | fresh weight reductionb | amount of AI applied (g/ha) | herbicidal activity | ref |
| MCPA | tebuconazole | 170 | common lambsquarters, 17%; white mustard, 45% | 170 | cornflower, 0–38%; shepherd’s purse, 46–51% | (40) |
| MCPA | propiconazole | 170 | common lambsquarters, 31%; white mustard, 41% | c | (40) | |
| MCPA | tetraalkylammonium | c | 200–500 | field pennycress, 75–100%; larkspur, 54–93%; mayweed, 40–78%; rapeseed, 86–100% | (16) | |
| 400 | common lambsquarters, 51–82%; flixweed, 69–80% | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼95–99%; field pennycress, ∼82–99% | |||
| MCPA | alkylcyclohexyl- dimethylammonium | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼21–47%; cornflower, ∼3%–76%; rapeseed, ∼1%−38%; white mustard, ∼19–58% | c | (55) | |
| MCPA | 2-chloroethyl-trimethylammonium | c | field pansy, field pennycress and rapeseed, results similar to the mixture of MCPA-salt and CCC | (16) | ||
| 300 | common lambsquarters, 10–75% | 900 (MCPA-salt), 1450 (CCC) | cornflower, 83–88%; rapeseed, 85–86%; scentless chamomile, 49–67% | (56) | ||
| MCPA | alkyl[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl]dimethylammonium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 41–60%; cornflower, 40–86%; rapeseed, 14–63% | c | (58) | |
| MCPA | quaternary ammonium derivatives of d-glucose | 400 | cornflower, 39–69%; white mustard, 54–87% | c | (59) | |
| MCPA | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼39–50%; white mustard, ∼15–37% | c | (60) | |
| MCPA | betainium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 21%; white mustard, 38% | 400 | common lambsquarters, 98%; rapeseed, 100% | (61) |
| MCPA | N-alkylbetainium | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼90–95%; cornflower, ∼98–99%; rapeseed, ∼97–99% | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼98–100%; rapeseed, 100% | (45) |
| MCPA | carnitinium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 34%; white mustard, 38% | 400 | common lambsquarters, 98%; rapeseed, 100% | (61) |
| MCPA | acetylcholine | 400 | rapeseed, 37.55% | c | (62) | |
| MCPA | [2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium; [2-(acryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium | 400 | white mustard’s efficacy compared to commercial formulation set as 100%; ∼101–108% | c | (63) | |
| MCPA | dialkanoyloxyethyl-dimethylammonium | 400 | white mustard efficacy compared to commercial formulation set as 100%, ∼129% | 400 | common lambsquarters efficacy compared to commercial formulation set as 100%, ∼158% | (63) |
| MCPA | derivatives of phenoxy-2-acetoxyethyl-decyldimethylammonium | 400 | germination index of cornflower, 6.99–15.48%; shoot length, 16.33–27.00 cm; root length, 7.00–11.63 cm | c | (21) | |
| MCPA | 1,1-dialkylpyrrolidinium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 53–67% | c | (25) | |
| MCPA | quaternized DABCO | 400 | cornflower, ∼84–94%; rapeseed, 72–89% | c | (37) | |
| MCPA | bis(ammonium) | 400 | common lambsquarters, 32–60%; white mustard, 33–55% | c | (67) | |
| MCPA | bis(ammonium) derivatives of tebuconazole | 400 | common lambsquarters, 60–87%; rapeseed, 45–55% | c | (68) | |
| 2,4-D | tebuconazole | 170 | common lambsquarters, 10%; white mustard, 19% | 170 | cornflower, 0–38%; shepherd’s purse, 50–58% | (40) |
| 2,4-D | propiconazole | 170 | common lambsquarters, 16%; white mustard, 34% | c | (40) | |
| 2,4-D | 1,4-dimethylpiperazinium | 400 | common amaranth, 73.03%; flixweed, 47.34% | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼89.30% | (41) |
| 2,4-D | tetraalkylammonium | 400 | cornflower, 80%, field poppy, 44%, flixweed, 51%, rapeseed, 12% | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼98%; rapeseed, ∼95% | (44) |
| 2,4-D | tetraalkylammonium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 33–42%; flixweed, 42–72% | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼85–95%; field pennycress, ∼80–98% | (47) |
| 2,4-D | tetraalkylammonium | c | c | (48) | ||
| 2,4-D | tetraalkylammonium | c | 450 | common lambsquarters, 85–100%; field pennycress, 81–100%; shepherd’s purse, 81–100% | (46) | |
| 2,4-D | tetraalkylammonium | c | 450 | cornflower, 75–79%; field pennycress, 74–78%; field poppy, 73–79%; rapeseed, 80–82%; scentless chamomile, 56–57%; shepherd’s purse, 79–82% | (52) | |
| 2,4-D | 2-chloroethyl-trimethylammonium | 400 | Cornflower, 1.047%, field poppy, 4.630%, flixweed, 3.465%, rapeseed, 5.628% | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼38%; rapeseed, ∼35% | (44) |
| 2,4-D | 2-chloroethyl-trimethylammonium | 220–440 (2,4-D), 158–316 (CCC) | white mustard, 50–75% | 450 | common lambsquarters, 72–95%; cornflower, 94% | (48) |
| 2,4-D | quaternary ammonium derivatives of d-glucose | 400 | cornflower, 23–66%; white mustard, 39–71% | c | (59) | |
| 2,4-D | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼40–59%; white mustard, ∼21–28% | c | (60) | |
| 2,4-D | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | 400 | cornflower, 75%, field poppy, 37%, flixweed, 47%, rapeseed, 14% | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼85–97%; rapeseed, ∼92–95% | (44) |
| 2,4-D | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | c | 450 | common lambsquarters, 100%; cornflower,100% | (46) | |
| 2,4-D | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | c | 450 | cornflower, 71%; field pennycress, 77%; field poppy, 75%; scentless chamomile, 52%; shepherd’s purse, 79%; rapeseed, 82% | (52) | |
| 2,4-D | betainium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 27%; white mustard, 32% | 400 | common lambsquarters, 100%; rapeseed, 100% | (61) |
| 2,4-D | N-alkylbetainium | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼83–90%; cornflower, ∼99–100%; rapeseed, ∼84–97% | 400 | common lambsquarters, 100%; rapeseed, 100% | (45) |
| 2,4-D | carnitinium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 7%; white mustard, 32% | 400 | common lambsquarters, 98%; rapeseed, 100% | (61) |
| 2,4-D | acetylcholine | 400 | rapeseed, 21.12% | c | (62) | |
| 2,4-D | [2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium; [2-(acryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium | 400 | white mustard efficacy compared to commercial formulation set as 100%, ∼72–87% | c | (63) | |
| 2,4-D | dialkanoyloxyethyl-dimethylammonium | 400 | white mustard efficacy compared to commercial formulation set as 100%, ∼108% | 400 | common lambsquarters efficacy compared to commercial formulation set as 100%, ∼154% | (63) |
| 2,4-D | derivatives of phenoxy-2-acetoxyethyl-decyldimethylammonium | 400 | germination index of cornflower, 4.82–7.49% shoot length, 21.00–22.86 cm; root length, 4.14–6.33 cm | c | (21) | |
| 2,4-D | 1,1-dialkylpyrrolidinium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 54–59% | c | (25) | |
| 2,4-D | bis(ammonium) | 400 | common lambsquarters, 27–47%; white mustard, 47–52% | c | (67) | |
| 2,4-D | hexamethylene-1,6-bis(3-methylimidazolium) | 400 | flixweed, 77.15%; common amaranth, 93.57% | 400 | common lambsquarters, 96.78% | (41) |
| MCPP | tebuconazole | 170 | common lambsquarters, 21%; white mustard, 19% | c | (40) | |
| MCPP | propiconazole | 170 | common lambsquarters, 24%; white mustard, 13% | c | (40) | |
| MCPP | tetraalkylammonium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 38–68%; flixweed, 74–86% | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼87–95%; field pennycress, ∼90–99% | (47) |
| MCPP | betainium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 22%; white mustard, 0% | c | (61) | |
| MCPP | N-alkylbetainium | 400 | common lambsquarters, ∼50–55%; cornflower, ∼90–97%; rapeseed, ∼97–98% | c | (45) | |
| MCPP | carnitinium | 400 | white mustard, 9%; common lambsquarters, 19% | c | (61) | |
| MCPP | acetylcholine | 400 | rapeseed, 56.23% | c | (62) | |
| MCPP | [2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium, [2-(acryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium | 400 | white mustard efficacy compared to commercial formulation set as 100%, ∼88–93% | c | (63) | |
| MCPP | dialkanoyloxyethyl-dimethylammonium | 400 | common lambsquarters efficacy compared to commercial formulation set as 100%, ∼120% | 400 | white mustard efficacy compared to commercial formulation set as 100%, ∼104% | (63) |
| MCPP | derivatives of phenoxy-2-acetoxyethyldecyl-dimethylammonium | 400 | germination index of cornflower, 0–23.45%; shoot length, 0.50–43.22 cm; root length, 0.50–15.67 cm | c | (21) | |
| MCPP | 1,1-dialkylpyrrolidinium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 47–63% | c | (25) | |
| MCPP | 1,1-dialkylpiperidinium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 63–85%; cornflower, 40–88%; white mustard, 50–98%; | c | (66) | |
| MCPP | bis(ammonium) | 400 | common lambsquarters, 37–51%; white mustard, 8–22% | c | (67) | |
| dicamba | [2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]ammonium | 200 | common amaranth, ∼67%; common lambsquarters, ∼32%; cornflower, ∼83% | c | (39) | |
| dicamba | bis(3-aminopropyl)ammonium | 200 | common amaranth, ∼73%; common lambsquarters, ∼35%; cornflower, ∼44% | c | (39) | |
| dicamba | tebuconazole | 200 | common lambsquarters, 16%; white mustard, 23% | c | (40) | |
| dicamba | propiconazole | 200 | common lambsquarters, 22%; white mustard, 26% | c | (40) | |
| dicamba | (3-aminopropyl)bis(ammonium) | 200 | common amaranth, ∼82%; common lambsquarters, ∼41%; cornflower, ∼39% | c | (39) | |
| dicamba | tetraalkylammonium | 0.002–0.004 mol/L | common lambsquarters, 41.7–45.7%; white mustard, 18.5–27.1% | 200 | common lambsquarters, 62.5–92%; cornflower, 95% | (26) |
| dicamba | tetraalkylammonium | 200 | common lambsquarters, 75–85%; flixweed, 43–75% | 200 | common lambsquarters, ∼97–99%; field pennycress, ∼75–99% | (47) |
| dicamba | alkyl[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl]dimethylammonium | 200 | common lambsquarters, 23.75–68.91%; cornflower, 65.40–84.88%; oilseed rape, 0.00–20.81% | c | (58) | |
| dicamba | alkyl[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl]dimethylammonium | 200 | common amaranth, ∼79%; common lambsquarters, ∼37%; cornflower, ∼27% | c | (39) | |
| dicamba | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated)-methylammonium | c | 200 | common lambsquarters, 56.3–62.5% | (26) | |
| dicamba | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated)-methylammonium | 200 | common amaranth, ∼63%; common lambsquarters, ∼68%; cornflower, ∼52% | c | (39) | |
| dicamba | N-alkylbetainium | 200 | common lambsquarters, ∼90–92%; cornflower, ∼97–99%; rapeseed, ∼50–78% | 200 | common lambsquarters, ∼98%; rapeseed, ∼95% | (45) |
| dicamba | acetylcholine | 200 | rapeseed, −4.46% | c | (62) | |
| dicamba | [2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium, [2-(acryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium | 200 | white mustard efficacy compared to commercial formulation set as 100%, ∼101–112% | 200 | common lambsquarters efficacy compared to commercial formulation set as 100%, ∼80–120% | (63) |
| dicamba | derivatives of phenoxy-2-acetoxyethyldecyl-dimethylammonium | 200 | germination index of cornflower, 5.99–22.29%; shoot length, 12.33–21.75 cm; root length, 9.00–14.89 cm | c | (21) | |
| dicamba | 4,4-dialkylmorpholinium | c | 200 | common lambsquarters, 57.5% | (26) | |
| dicamba | 4,4-dialkylmorpholinium | c | c | (73) | ||
| dicamba | 1,1-dialkylpiperidinium | c | 200 | common lambsquarters, 62.5% | (26) | |
| dicamba | 1-alkyl-4-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidinium | 200 | common amaranth, ∼70–90%; common lambsquarters, ∼54–59%; cornflower, ∼71–82% | c | (39) | |
| dicamba | bis(ammonium) | 200 | common lambsquarters, 32–95%; cornflower, 54%; rapeseed, 54%; white mustard, 9–33% | c | (67) | |
| dicamba | bis(ammonium) derivatives of tebuconazole | 200 | common lambsquarters, 58–85%; rapeseed, 10–38% | c | (68) | |
| 2,4-DP | tetraalkylammonium | 300 | common lambsquarters, ∼20–40%; cornflower, ∼25–77% | c | (57) | |
| 2,4-DP | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated)-methylammonium | 300 | common lambsquarters, ∼17%; cornflower, ∼58% | c | (57) | |
| 2,4-DP | acetylcholine | 400 | rapeseed, 36.28% | c | (62) | |
| 2,4-DP | 1,1-dialkylpiperidinium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 20–90%; cornflower, 20–60%; rapeseed, 20–91% | c | (65) | |
| 4-CPA | derivatives of phenoxy-2-acetoxyethyldecyl-dimethylammonium | 400 | germination index of cornflower, 5.32–19.46%; shoot length, 17.83–45.00 cm; root length, 5.33–14.63 cm | c | (21) | |
| 4-CPA | 1,1-dialkylpyrrolidinium | 400 | common lambsquarters, 53–65% | c | (25) | |
| clopyralid | alkylammonium | c | 50, 100, and 200 | creeping thistle, brachyotus sowthistle, Cephalanoplos setosum, 25.2–77.3% | (27) | |
| clopyralid | derivatives of phenoxy-2-acetoxyethyldecyl-dimethylammonium | germination index of cornflower, 3.16–32.77%; shoot length, 7.50–17.00 cm; root length, 2.71–24.63 cm | c | (21) | ||
| pelargonate | tetraalkylammonium | 2720 | common lambsquarters, ∼18–50%; cornflower, 53%; rapeseed, ∼4–45%; white mustard, 33%; winter wheat, 29% | c | (33) | |
| pelargonate | choline | 2720 | common lambsquarters, approx −28%; rapeseed, approx −4% | c | (33) | |
| pelargonate | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | 2720 | cornflower, 37%; rapeseed, ∼18%; white mustard, 16%; winter wheat, 5% | c | (33) | |
| pelargonate | N-alkylbetainium | 2720 | common lambsquarters, ∼20% | c | (33) | |
| pelargonate | acetylcholine | 3000 | rapeseed, 24.58% | c | (62) | |
| pelargonate | dialkanoyloxyethyl-dimethylammonium | 2720 | rapeseed, ∼10% | c | (33) | |
| pelargonate | quaternized DABCO | 5440–8160 | common lambsquarters, 36.60–93.48%; rapeseed, 20.70–95.93% | c | (34) | |
| bentazone | 1-alkylpyridinium | c | 1000–3000 | brachyotus sowthistle, common lambsquarters, creeping woodsorrel, ∼30–91% | (24) | |
| bromoxynil | alkylammonium | 90–360 | common amaranth, ∼17–82% | c | (23) | |
| bromoxynil | 1-alkylpyridinium | 90–360 | common amaranth, ∼20–84% | c | (23) | |
| clodinafop | choline | c | complete inhibition of weed grass after 15 days | (8) | ||
| fomesafen | tetraalkylammonium | c | Lack of data | 45–180 | creeping woodsorrel, annual fleabane herb, dandelion, ∼49–88% | (32) |
| glyphosate | tetraalkylammonium | 22.5–720 | cornflower, ∼8–88%; winter wheat, ∼10–84% | 1180 | couchgrass, 94–100% | (31) |
| glyphosate | tetraalkylammonium | 180–360 | common lambsquarters, 83–94%; cornflower, 19–90%; white mustard, 64–89% | 1180 | couchgrass regrowth from rhizome buds, 7–16% | (31) |
| glyphosate | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | 22.5–720 | cornflower, ∼10–84%; winter wheat, ∼2–64% | 1180 | couchgrass, 99–100% | (31) |
| glyphosate | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | 180–360 | common lambsquarters, 81–94%; cornflower, 17–88%; white mustard, 75–91% | (31) | ||
| glyphosate | 4,4-dialkylmorpholinium | 22.5–720 | cornflower, ∼10–92%; winter wheat, ∼2–56% | 1180 | couchgrass, 20–99% | (31) |
| glyphosate | 4,4-dialkylmorpholinium | 180–360 | common lambsquarters, 54–68%; cornflower, 21–63%; white mustard, 11–81% | 1180 | couchgrass regrowth from rhizome buds, 26% | (31) |
| iodosulfuron-methyl | acetylcholine | 7.5 | rapeseed, 37.42% | c | (62) | |
| MCPB | 1,1-dialkylpiperidinium | 600 | common lambsquarters, 71–88%; rapeseed, 70–95% | c | (64) | |
| mesotrione | 1-alkylpyridinium | c | 50–200 | common lambsquarters, common amaranth, field bindweed, field sowthistle, ∼20–98% | (38) | |
| metsulfuron-methyl | tetraalkylphosphonium | 4 | common lambsquarters, 93–94%; rapeseed, 44–67% | 8 | chickweed, 100%; field forget-me-not, 100%; field pansy, 93–100%; field poppy, 74%; hemp nettle, 100%; mayweed, 95–100%; persian speedwell, 63%; shepherd’s purse, 96%; wild buckwheat, 97% | (29) |
| metsulfuron-methyl | 4,4-dialkylmorpholinium | 4 | common lambsquarters, 71%; rapeseed, 54% | 8 | chickweed, 100%; field forget-me-not, 96–100%; field pansy, 89–100%; field poppy, 68%; hemp nettle, 100%; mayweed, 89–99%; persian speedwell, 78%; shepherd’s purse, 96%; wild buckwheat, 97% | (29) |
| metsulfuron-methyl | 1,1-dialkylpiperidinium | 4 | common lambsquarters, 21%; rapeseed, 34% | 8 | chickweed, 99–100%; field forget-me-not, 87–100%; field pansy, 90–100%; field poppy, 85%; hemp nettle, 100%; mayweed, 92–100%; persian speedwell, 71%; shepherd’s purse, 94%; wild buckwheat, 95% | (29) |
| metsulfuron-methyl | 1,3-dialkylimidazolium | 4 | common lambsquarters, 67–80%; rapeseed, 26–60% | 8 | chickweed, 100%; field forget-me-not, 92–100%; field pansy, 85–100%; field poppy, 66–76%; hemp nettle, 100%; mayweed, 88–100%; persian speedwel, 66–76%; shepherd’s purse, 95–96%; wild buckwheat, 97% | (29) |
| nicosulfuron | tetraalkylammonium | 0.5–20 mg/L | common amaranth, 37.68–65.11% | c | (30) | |
| nicosulfuron | choline | 0.5–20 mg/L | common amaranth, 46.73–61.73% | c | (30) | |
| nicosulfuron | 1-alkylpyridinium | 0.5–20 mg/L | common amaranth, 59.4–81.43% | 50–200 | common lambsquarters, ∼22–90%; green bristlegrass, ∼23–92% | (30) |
| MCPA/dicamba (oligomeric) | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | c | 267 (MCPA), 133 (dicamba) | black bindweed, ∼59–92%; common lambsquarters, ∼98–100%; rapeseed, ∼95–98% | (43) | |
| MCPA/dicamba (oligomeric) | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | c | 300 (MCPA), 100 (dicamba) | black bindweed, ∼62%; common lambsquarters, ∼98–99%; rapeseed, ∼65–100% | (43) | |
| MCPA/glyphosate (oligomeric) | tetraalkylammonium | 360 (glyphosate), 73.9 (MCPA) | common amaranth, 95%; common lambsquarters, 66%; white mustard, 94%; winter wheat, 91% | 360 (glyphosate), 73.9 (MCPA) | cornflower, ∼98–100%; poppy field, ∼86–89%; winter wheat, ∼100% | (42) |
| MCPA/glyphosate (oligomeric) | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | 360 (glyphosate), 73.9 (MCPA) | common amaranth, 96%; common lambsquarters, 68%; white mustard, 88%; winter wheat, 89% | 360 (glyphosate), 73.9 (MCPA) | cornflower, ∼96–99%; poppy field, ∼90–93%; winter wheat, ∼96–100% | (42) |
| MCPA/dicamba (DSHIL) | alkyl[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethyl]dimethylammonium | 300 (MCPA), 40 (dicamba) | common lambsquarters, 36.91–53.67%; cornflower, 45.47–85.30%; rapeseed, 6.54–51.63% | c | (58) | |
| MCPA/glyphosate (DSHIL) | tetraalkylammonium | 360 (glyphosate), 73.9 (MCPA) | common amaranth, 91–96%; common lambsquarters, 45–70%; white mustard, 74–89%; winter wheat, 86–89% | c | (42) | |
| MCPA/glyphosate (DSHIL) | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated)-methylammonium | 360 (glyphosate), 73.9 (MCPA) | common amaranth, 94%; common lambsquarters, 48%; white mustard, 88%; winter wheat, 89% | 360 (glyphosate), 73.9 (MCPA) | cornflower, ∼97–99%; poppy field, ∼72–88%; winter wheat, ∼88–97% | (42) |
| dicamba/glyphosate (DSHIL) | tetraalkylammonium | 360 (glyphosate), 83.7 (dicamba) | common amaranth, 96%; common lambsquarters, 68%; white mustard, 90%; winter wheat, 90% | 360 (glyphosate), 73.9 (dicamba) | cornflower, ∼92–96%; poppy field, ∼64–76%; winter wheat, ∼78–92% | (42) |
| dicamba/glyphosate (DSHIL) | tetraalkylphosphonium | 360 (glyphosate), 83.7 (dicamba) | common amaranth, 96%; common lambsquarters, 78%; white mustard, 84%; winter wheat, 93% | 360 (glyphosate), 73.9 (dicamba) | cornflower, ∼98–99%; poppy field, ∼95–99%; winter wheat, ∼90–98% | (42) |
| dicamba/glyphosate (DSHIL) | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated)-methylammonium | 360 (glyphosate), 83.7 (dicamba) | common amaranth, 92%; common lambsquarters, 59%; white mustard, 92%; winter wheat, 89% | 360 (glyphosate), 73.9 (dicamba) | cornflower, ∼87–94%; poppy field, ∼58–85%; winter wheat, ∼89–96% | (42) |
a
Table does not include salts with melting points greater than 100 °C.
b
Unless stated otherwise.
c
Not tested.