Table 5. Overview of Biodegradation Studies on HILsa.
| anion | cation | biodegradation | ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| MCPA | tebuconazole | OECD 301 F test: cation, 88 ± 4%; anion, 0 ± 0% | (40) |
| MCPA | propiconazole | OECD 301 F test: cation, 58 ± 3%; anion, 3 ± 0% | (40) |
| MCPA | tetraalkylammonium | BOD5/COD ratio (t = 0–360 min, 0.4 = limit of biodegradability): electrochemical oxidation process, 0.25–0.35; electro-Fenton process, 0.35–0.65 | (49) |
| MCPA | tetraalkylammonium | electrochemically treated, 28–57%; nontreated, 0–8% | (50) |
| MCPA | betainium | OECD 301 F test, 69% | (61) |
| MCPA | N-alkylbetainium | OECD 301 F test, 59–62% | (45) |
| MCPA | carnitinium | OECD 301 F test, 59% | (61) |
| MCPA | acetylcholine | OECD 301 F test, 80% | (62) |
| MCPA | [2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium, [2-(acryloyloxy)-ethyl]trimethylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 29–37% | (63) |
| MCPA | dialkanoyloxyethyl-dimethylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 63% | (63) |
| 2,4-D | tebuconazole | OECD 301 F test: cation, 94 ± 3%; anion, 0 ± 0% | (40) |
| 2,4-D | propiconazole | OECD 301 F test: cation, 65 ± 3%; anion, 0 ± 1% | (40) |
| 2,4-D | betainium | OECD 301 F test, 87% | (61) |
| 2,4-D | N-alkylbetainium | OECD 301 F test, 72–73% | (45) |
| 2,4-D | carnitinium | OECD 301 F test, 76% | (61) |
| 2,4-D | acetylcholine | OECD 301 F test, 70% | (62) |
| 2,4-D | 4,4-dialkylmorpholinium | OECD 301 F test with microbiota isolated from different environmental niches: river sludge, 9–10%; garden soil, 13–19%; agricultural runoff stream, 18–25%; agricultural soil, 14–24%; waste repository, 20–31% | (73) |
| 2,4-D | 4,4-dialkylmorpholinium | Primary biodegradation for microbiota isolated from different environmental niches: river sludge, cation 52–58%, anion 9–11%; garden soil, cation 74–77%, anion 25–31%; agricultural runoff stream, cation 87–90%, anion 60–61%; agricultural soil, cation 88–92%, anion 60%; waste repository, cation 91–94%, anion 51–55% | (73) |
| MCPP | tebuconazole | OECD 301 F test: cation, 89 ± 4%; anion, 0 ± 1% | (40) |
| MCPP | propiconazole | OECD 301 F test: cation, 68 ± 3%; anion, 0.5 ± 0% | (40) |
| MCPP | betainium | OECD 301 F test, 57% | (61) |
| MCPP | N-alkylbetainium | OECD 301 F test, 51–55% | (45) |
| MCPP | carnitinium | OECD 301 F test, 49% | (61) |
| dicamba | tebuconazole | OECD 301 F test: cation, 100 ± 5%; anion, 44 ± 2% | (40) |
| dicamba | propiconazole | OECD 301 F test: cation, 56 ± 2%; anion, 40 ± 2% | (40) |
| dicamba | N-alkylbetainium | OECD 301 F test, 42–47% | (45) |
| dicamba | acetylcholine | OECD 301 F test, 90% | (62) |
| dicamba | 4,4-dialkylmorpholinium | OECD 301 F test with microbiota isolated from different environmental niches: river sludge, 0%; garden soil, 0–1%; agricultural runoff stream, 1–2%; agricultural soil, 2%; waste repository, 2% | (73) |
| dicamba | 4,4-dialkylmorpholinium | Primary biodegradation for microbiota isolated from different environmental niches: river sludge, cation 38–55%, anion 0%; garden soil, cation 56–77%, anion 0%; agricultural runoff stream, cation 77–81%, anion 32%; agricultural soil, cation 75–79%, anion 29–35%; waste repository, cation 83–86%, anion 34–36% | |
| pelargonate | tetraalkylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 0–83% | (33) |
| pelargonate | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 68% | (33) |
| pelargonate | N-alkylbetainium | OECD 301 F test, 85% | (33) |
| pelargonate | dialkanoyloxyethyl-dimethylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 52% | (33) |
| MCPA/dicamba (oligomeric) | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 0–6.6% | (43) |
| MCPA/dicamba (oligomeric) | betainium | OECD 301 F test, 65–66% | (61) |
| MCPA/glyphosate (oligomeric) | tetraalkylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 0% | (42) |
| MCPA/glyphosate (oligomeric) | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 0% | (42) |
| MCPA/glyphosate (DSHIL) | tetraalkylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 0% | (42) |
| MCPA/glyphosate (DSHIL) | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 0% | (42) |
| dicamba/glyphosate (DSHIL) | tetraalkylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 0% | (42) |
| dicamba/glyphosate (DSHIL) | tetraalkylphosphonium | OECD 301 F test, 0% | (42) |
| dicamba/glyphosate (DSHIL) | alkylbis(n-ethoxylated) methylammonium | OECD 301 F test, 0% | (42) |
a
Table does not include salts with melting points greater than 100 °C.