Table 2.

Effects of WS exposure on airway inflammation. The table displays the significant effects of WS exposure per publication or effects that were reported in multiple publications (biomarkers only reported in one publication with non-significant results not included). A blank space indicates that the endpoint was not included in that study, ns indicates no significant effect observed, while arrows indicate significant increase (↑) or decrease (↓) due to WS exposure. All time points are taken with 0 h = start of controlled exposure. Abbreviations are denoted in the list of abbreviations in main text

	Ghio et al [16]	Burbank et al [17]	Rebuli et al [18]	Sehlstedt et al [20]	Ferguson et al [22]	Barregard et al [25]	Stockfelt et al [29]	Riddervold et al [31]	Muala et al [35]
Exposure
Major PM class	OC	OC	OC	OV/Soot	OC/Soot	OC/Soot	OC/Soot	Soot/Ash	Soot/Ash
Exposure time	2 h	2 h	2 h	3 h	1.5 h	4 h	3 h	3 h	3 h
Exercise (y/n)	yes	yes	no	yes	yes	yes	no	no	yes
PM2.5 conc. (μg/m3)	485	500	488	224	low – 253.9 high – 506.2	243–279	SUP – 221 BOP – 148	low – 220.5 high – 354.3	314
Biomarkers
FeNO
FeNO50				ns		ns	↑ at 24 h (BOP)	ns	ns
FeNO270				ns		↑ at 7 h	↑ at 24 h, 48 h (SUP) ↑ at 8 h, 24 h, 48 h (BOP)	ns
Alveolar NO						↑ at 7 h
EBC pH					↓ 1.5 h (high)			↑ at 6 h
BAL cell count
Neutrophil	↑ at 20 h			ns					ns
Lymphocyte				ns					↓ at 24 h
BAL cytokines
IL-6	ns								ns
MMP-9				ns					ns
MPO				ns					ns
BW cell counts
Neutrophil	↑ at 20 h			ns					↓ at 24 h
BW cytokines
IL-6	ns								ns
MMP-9				ns					↓ at 24 h
MPO				ns					↓ at 24 h
sICAM1									↓ at 24 h
LDH									↓ at 24 h
Bronchoscopy biopsy cell counts
Submucosal									CD3+ lymphocytes at ↑ 24 h Mast Cells at ↑ 24 h
Epithelial									CD3+ lymphocytes at ↑ 24 h CD8+ lymphocytes at ↑ 24 h
NAL cytokines
IP-10			↓ at 48 h
IL-6			↓ at 48 h					ns
NAL gene expression			Sex-specific Changes
Sputum %PMNs		↑ at 24 h