Table 3.
Effects of WS exposure on circulating cells and proteins. The table displays the significant effects of WS exposure per publication or effects that were reported in multiple publications (biomarkers only reported in one publication with non-significant results not included). A blank space indicates that the endpoint was not included in that study, ns indicates no significant effect observed, while arrows indicate significant increase (↑) or decrease (↓) due to WS exposure. All time points are taken with 0 h = start of controlled exposure. Abbreviations are denoted in the list of abbreviations in main text
| Ghio et al [16] | Ferguson et al [22] | Barregard et al [25, 26] | Stockfelt et al [29, 30] | Forchhammer et al [32] Bønløkke et al [33] | Muala et al [35] | Hunter et al [36] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure | |||||||
| Major PM class | OC | OC/Soot | OC/Soot | OC/Soot | Soot/Ash | Soot/Ash | Soot/Ash |
| Exposure time | 2 h | 1.5 h | 4 h | 3 h | 3 h | 3 h | 1 h |
| Exercise (y/n) | yes | yes | yes | no | no | yes | yes |
| PM2.5 conc. (μg/m3) | 485 | 224 | 243–279 | SUP- 221 BOP – 148 | low – 220.5 high – 354.38 | 314 | 1115 |
| Biomarkers | |||||||
| Serum haemoglobin | ns | ns [25] | |||||
| Serum haematocrit | ns | ns [25] | |||||
| Serum cell counts | |||||||
| Platelets | ns | ns [25] | ↓ at 7 h (BOP), 24 h (SUP/BOP) [30] | ns | |||
| Neutrophils | ↑ at 20 h | ns | |||||
| Lymphocytes | various subsets ↑ at 27 h | ns | |||||
| Leukocytes | ns | ns [25] | ns [30] | ns | |||
| RBC | ns | ns [25] | |||||
| Serum proteins | |||||||
| CRP | ns [25] [26] | ↓ at 7 h (SUP) [30] | |||||
| SP-A | ns [29] | ns [33] | |||||
| SP-D | ns | ↓ at 7 h (BOP) [29] | ns [33] | ||||
| SAA | ↑ at 4 h, 7 h, and 24 h [25] ns [26] | ns [30] | |||||
| Fibrogen | ns [26] | ↓ at 7 h (BOP), 24 h (SUP/BOP) [30] | |||||
| Factor VII | ns [25] | ↑ at 7 h, 48 h (BOP) [30] | |||||
| vWf | ns | ns [25] | ns [30] | ns [33] | |||
| Serum D-dimers | ns | ns [25] | ↓ at 48 h (SUP) [30] | ||||
| Serum soluble adhesion molecules | |||||||
| sP-selectin | ns [30] | ns [33] | |||||
| sVCAM-1 | ↓ at 7 h (SUP/BOP) [30] | ||||||
| sICAM-1 | ↑ at 44 h (BOP) [30] | ICAM-1 ns [32] | ns | ||||
| Serum cytokines | |||||||
| IL-6 | ns | ↓ at 7 h [25] | ns [30] | ↓ at 9 h [33] | ns | ||
| TNF- α | ns | ns [25] | ns [33] | ns | |||
| IL-1β | ↑ at 20 h | ↑ at 3 h [33] | |||||
| Serum COHb | ns | ↑ at 3 h | |||||
| Serum CC16 | ↑ at 24 h [26] | ↑ at 7 h (SUP) [29] | ns [33] | ns | |||
| Urine CC16 | ns [26] | ↑ at 7 h (SUP) [29] | ns [33] | ||||