Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of subjects.
| Healthy control (N = 23) | IgA nephropathy (N = 21) | Membranous nephropathy (N = 21) | Diabetic nephropathy (N = 15) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 32.8 ± 5.8 | 47.8 ± 18.1 | 56.2 ± 11.0 | 56.5 ± 11.0 | < 0.001 |
| Male [N (%)] | 15 (65.2) | 11 (52.4) | 13 (61.9) | 12 (80.0) | 0.401 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 4.1 | 25.1 ± 2.7 | 26.2 ± 5.9 | 25.6 ± 4.1 | 0.498 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 119.8 ± 14.9 | 127.8 ± 20.4 | 128.7 ± 17.0 | 134.4 ± 25.9 | 0.142 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.7 ± 12.5 | 81.1 ± 16.2 | 79.3 ± 11.7 | 78.9 ± 16.1 | 0.961 |
| Smoking [N (%)] | 4(17.4) | 7 (33.3) | 3 (14.3) | 1 (7.1) | 0.219 |
| Hypertension [N (%)] | 0 (0.0) | 11 (52.4) | 9 (42.9) | 10 (66.7) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus [N (%)] | 0 (0.0) | 4 (19.0) | 2 (9.5) | 15 (100.0) | < 0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 15.0 ± 1.6 | 13.0 ± 2.5 | 12.6 ± 1.7 | 10.4 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 92.1 ± 9.1 | 117.7 ± 35.8 | 113.4 ± 24.2 | 135.5 ± 95.0 | 0.047 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196.3 ± 39.8 | 205.4 ± 77.9 | 249.1 ± 81.0 | 177.9 ± 45.4 | 0.009 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.2 ± 0.4 | 8.6 ± 0.8 | 8.2 ± 0.6 | 8.6 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 0.238 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.7 ± 1.6 | 6.4 ± 1.7 | 6.2 ± 1.8 | 7.3 ± 2.9 | 0.116 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 11.1 ± 2.6 | 23.5 ± 19.1 | 14.8 ± 3.5 | 31.0 ± 15.3 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 107.7 ± 12.8 | 69.0 ± 37.4 | 92.0 ± 15.6 | 45.6 ± 23.8 | < 0.001 |
| Proteinuria [N (%)] | < 0.001 | ||||
| Negative ~ trace | 23 (100.0) | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.1) | |
| 1 + ~ 2 + | 0 (0.0) | 4 (19.0) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (21.4) | |
| 3 + ~ 4 + | 0 (0.0) | 14 (66.7) | 19 (90.5) | 10 (71.4) | |
| Haematuria [N (%)] | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 1/HPF | 13 (56.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (29.6) | |
| 1 ~ 4/HPF | 10 (43.5) | 3 (14.3) | 8 (38.1) | 6 (42.9) | |
| > 5/HPF | 0 (0.0) | 18 (85.7) | 12 (57.1) | 4 (28.6) | |
| Urine protein to creatinine ratio (mg/mg) | – | 3.7 ± 2.9 | 6.2 ± 3.8 | 5.9 ± 4.7 | 0.081 |
SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR; estimated glomerular filtration rate, HPF; high-power field. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage); the p-value for comparison of all four groups.