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. 2020 Sep 18;11:2235. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02235

TABLE 2.

Means and standard deviations of key variables by geographical origin and gender.

Geographical origin Gender


Africa Europe Latin America Women Men







M SD M SD M SD F M SD M SD F
Discrimination 1.55 0.52 1.40 0.49 1.35 0.43 25.20** 1.41 0.48 1.46 0.51 5.36*
Sense of community 3.19 0.95 3.20 0.92 3.19 0.91 0.04 3.27 0.94 3.11 0.91 13.60**
Psychological distress 11.28 5.38 11.30 5.60 10.91 5.65 0.90 11.16 5.62 11.14 5.50 0.01
Satisfaction with life 4.21 1.37 4.28 1.42 4.54 1.34 9.41** 4.48 1.37 4.20 1.38 17.43**
Exclusion feelings 2.73 0.93 2.49 0.97 2.40 0.87 18.99** 2.52 0.94 2.55 0.94 0.35

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.