Figure 10.

Macrophage repolarization with PRINT-CpG in vitro. PRINT NP conjugated CpG caused an M2 to M1 switch. Mouse bone marrow macrophages were cultured in IL-4 (25 ng/mL) to induce an M2 phenotype (M2(+)) or LPS (500 ng/mL)+IFNγ (25 ng/mL) to induce an M1 phenotype (M1(+)). M2 condition resulted in increased M2 biomarkers, Fizz1, Ym1, and Mrc-1. The addition of NP alone had little effect. Soluble CpG added to M2-inducing condition (M2+sol. CpG) caused a modest reduction in Fizz1 and Mrc-1, while NP-conjugated CpG (M2+NP-CpG) greatly reduced these biomarkers. Additionally, even under an M2-inducing condition, NP-CpG resulted in the induction of IL-6 and TNF, which are M1 cytokines.