Table 2.

List of selected measures developed for the HEALing Communities Study.

Name	Description	Data Source	Submeasures
Drug Overdose Measures
Opioid overdose deaths (primary outcome measure)	Number of opioid overdose deaths among community residents.	Death Certificate Data	•Heroin •Synthetic opioids other than methadone •Cocaine •Non-cocaine psychostimulants •Benzodiazepine co-involvement
Drug overdose deaths	Number of drug overdose deaths among community residents.	Death Certificate Data	•Cocaine •Non-cocaine psychostimulants •Benzodiazepine
	Note: captures drug overdose deaths caused by any drug, including opioids.
Nonfatal opioid overdose events	Number of emergency department or inpatient hospital encounters for nonfatal opioid overdose among community residents.	State Emergency Department and Inpatient Discharge Data	•Heroin •Synthetic opioids other than methadone •Amphetamine •Cocaine •Any psychostimulant •Benzodiazepine co-involvement
Nonfatal drug overdose events	Number of emergency department or inpatient hospital encounters for nonfatal drug overdose among community residents.	State Emergency Department and Inpatient Discharge Data	•Amphetamine •Cocaine •Any psychostimulant •Benzodiazepine
	Note: captures drug overdose encounters caused by any drug, including opioids.
Emergency Medical Services (EMS) events that involve naloxone administration	Number of EMS events that involve naloxone administration in the community.	State EMS data	N/A
Emergency department (ED) visits for opioid overdose	Number of ED visits for opioid overdose among community residents.	Syndromic Surveillance	N/A
Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) Measures
Community naloxone distribution	Number of naloxone units (1 unit = 2 doses) distributed to community residents by state OEND programs or the HCS.	State OEND data and HCS logs	N/A
Pharmacy dispensed naloxone	Number of naloxone units (1 unit = 2 doses) dispensed by retail pharmacies in the community.	IQVIA XPONENT	N/A
Jail overdose education	Number of jails serving the community that provide overdose education.	De novo survey	N/A
Jail naloxone distribution	Number of jails serving the community that provide naloxone upon release.	De novo survey	N/A
Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) Measures
Buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD)	Number of community residents who received buprenorphine products approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of OUD.	Prescription Drug Monitoring Program	•Individuals retained on treatment ≥6 months
Any medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) for OUD	Number of community residents receiving buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone as medications for treatment of OUD.	Medicaid claims	•Buprenorphine •Methadone •Naltrexone •Individuals retained on treatment ≥6 months
MOUD after opioid overdose	Number of community residents receiving MOUD after an emergency department or hospital inpatient encounter for opioid overdose.	Medicaid claims	N/A
MOUD after opioid-related emergency department (ED) visit	Number of community residents receiving MOUD after an opioid-related ED encounter.	Medicaid claims	•Proportion receiving MOUD a second time within 30 days of initial MOUD receipt
MOUD following release from prison	Number of community residents receiving MOUD within 28 days of release from prison.	State Department of Corrections data linked to Medicaid claims
Practitioners who have received waiver to prescribe or dispense buprenorphine under the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA 2000)	Number of community providers with a waiver to prescribe or dispense buprenorphine for OUD.	U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Controlled Substances Act (CSA) Active Registrants database	•30 patient limit •100 patient limit •275 patient limit
DATA 2000-waivered providers who actively prescribe buprenorphine for treatment of OUD	Proportion of community providers with a waiver to prescribe buprenorphine for OUD who prescribed buprenorphine for OUD.	DEA CSA Active Registrants data linked with Prescription Drug Monitoring Program data	•30 patient limit •100 patient limit •275 patient limit
Jails providing MOUD during incarceration	Number of jails serving community residents that provide MOUD during incarceration.	De novo survey	N/A
Jails starting MOUD prior to release	Number of jails serving community residents that initiate MOUD prior to release.	De novo survey	•Buprenorphine •Methadone •Naltrexone
Jails linking to MOUD prior to release	Number of jails linking community residents to MOUD in the community prior to release.	De novo survey	N/A
High-Risk Opioid Prescribing Measures
New high-risk opioid prescribing	Number of community residents receiving new (after 45-day washout period) “high-risk” opioid prescriptions.	Prescription Drug Monitoring Program	•New opioid episode lasting at least 31 days •Initiating opioid treatment with extended-release or long-acting opioid •Incident high dosage (average ≥90 mg morphine equivalent per day) •Incident overlapping opioid and benzodiazepine for at least 31 days
New opioid prescription with less than 7 day supply	Number and proportion of community residents with first prescription of new opioid episode with less than 7 day supply.	Prescription Drug Monitoring Program	N/A
Opioid prescriptions from multiple prescribers or pharmacies	Number of individuals receiving opioid prescriptions from four or more prescribers or four or more pharmacies in a quarter.	Prescription Drug Monitoring Program	N/A
Drug take-back drop boxes	Number of take-back drop boxes in communities.	DEA data	N/A
Other Measures
Prevalence of opioid use disorder (OUD)	Number of community residents with an OUD diagnosis.	Medicaid claims	N/A
Behavioral health treatment for OUD	Number of community residents with OUD receiving behavioral health treatment.	Medicaid claims	•Inpatient •Intensive outpatient •Outpatient •Case management •Peer support
Screening for hepatitis C among those with OUD	Number of community residents with OUD receiving hepatitis C testing.	Medicaid claims	N/A
Hepatitis C diagnoses among those with OUD	Number of community residents with OUD receiving hepatitis C diagnosis.	Medicaid claims	N/A
Hepatitis C treatment among those with OUD	Number of community residents with OUD receiving hepatitis C treatment.	Medicaid claims	N/A
New HIV diagnoses	Number of community residents with new diagnosis of HIV.	State registry	N/A
Number of individuals screened for substance use (alcohol or other drug use)	Number of community residents with a claim for screening of alcohol or other drug use.	Medicaid claims	N/A