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. 2020 Oct 6;142(14):1361–1373. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046612

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© 2020 The Authors.

Circulation is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial, and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Figure 4. — Components of the Stanford left heart simulator system. A, Left heart simulator labeled component drawing. B, Overview of the entire experimental setup, including the left heart simulator, echocardiography machine, and high-speed videometric output. Computers, flow meters, pump controllers, input/output controller, and data acquisition system are in the cabinet below and not shown. C, Close-up view of the dual differential-resistance coronary circulation with intraventricular left coronary segment replicating physiological conditions. D, High-speed camera mounted to the top of the aortic root and aortic assembly. E, View of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) port within the left ventricular chamber for analysis. F, Transthoracic echocardiography port on the side of the aortic root enclosure for obtaining accurate in-plane images of the cusps.