Table 3.
Odds Ratio for New-Onset PAD Associated with the Various Combinations of High Hcy Concentration and Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors
| Subgroups | Incidence, n(%) | OR (95% CI) a | P for effect | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hcy × Hypertension | 0.026 | ||||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Hypertension=no | 7 (1.56) | Ref. | ||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Hypertension=yes | 5 (1.46) | 0.68 (0.19–2.44) | 0.553 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Hypertension=no | 32 (2.87) | 1.52 (0.64–3.57) | 0.343 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Hypertension=yes | 54 (4.45) | 1.99 (0.75–5.27) | 0.166 | |
| Hcy × Diabetes | 0.020 | ||||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Diabetes=no | 5 (0.82) | Ref. | ||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Diabetes=yes | 7 (3.91) | 2.96 (0.83–10.55) | 0.094 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Diabetes=no | 56 (3.18) | 3.20 (1.23–8.31) | 0.017 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Diabetes=yes | 30 (5.31) | 3.67 (1.25–10.80) | 0.018 | |
| Hcy × Dyslipidemia | 0.035 | ||||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Dyslipidemia=no | 1 (0.45) | Ref. | ||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Dyslipidemia=yes | 11 (1.93) | 3.28 (0.41–26.32) | 0.263 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Dyslipidemia=no | 18 (2.78) | 5.83 (0.75–45.49) | 0.092 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Dyslipidemia=yes | 68 (4.05) | 5.72 (0.76–42.85) | 0.090 | |
| Hcy × Smoking | 0.003 | ||||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Smoking=no | 11 (1.49) | Ref. | ||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Smoking=yes | 1 (1.85) | 2.10 (0.25–17.44) | 0.494 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Smoking=no | 64 (3.58) | 2.08 (1.04–4.14) | 0.038 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Smoking=yes | 22 (4.10) | 4.44 (1.77–11.12) | 0.001 | |
| Hcy × BMI | |||||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | BMI<24 kg/m2 | 1 (0.41) | Ref. | 0.077 | |
| Hcy<10µmol/L | 24≤BMI<28 kg/m2 | 6 (1.67) | 4.67 (0.55–39.70) | 0.158 | |
| Hcy<10µmol/L | BMI≥28 kg/m2 | 5 (2.66) | 4.56 (0.51–40.52) | 0.174 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | BMI<24 kg/m2 | 25 (4.20) | 9.33 (1.22–71.16) | 0.031 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | 24≤BMI<28 kg/m2 | 35 (3.09) | 6.45 (0.86–48.54) | 0.071 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | BMI≥28 kg/m2 | 26 (4.34) | 7.18 (0.94–54.74) | 0.057 | |
| Hcy × Age | <0.001 | ||||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Age<60 years | 8 (1.23) | Ref. | ||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Age≥60 years | 4 (2.88) | 1.87 (0.52–6.69) | 0.334 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Age<60 years | 37 (2.49) | 2.07 (0.93–4.62) | 0.076 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Age≥60 years | 49 (5.83) | 4.28 (1.83–10.01) | <0.001 | |
| Hcy × Sex | 0.016 | ||||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Male | 1 (1.20) | Ref. | ||
| Hcy<10µmol/L | Female | 11 (1.55) | 1.32 (0.16–11.15) | 0.797 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Male | 32 (2.98) | 1.80 (0.23–13.78) | 0.572 | |
| Hcy≥10µmol/L | Female | 54 (4.31) | 2.79 (0.35–22.11) | 0.330 | |
Notes: aAdjusted for baseline ABI, sex, age, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate subgroup, current smoking and drinking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and the use of antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, or hypoglycemic agents. (When the odds ratio of new-onset PAD associated with the combination of high Hcy concentration and a certain factor is assessed, this factor is not adjusted. For example, dyslipidemia is not adjusted when the odds ratio of new-onset PAD associated with the combination of high Hcy concentration and dyslipidemia is assessed).
Abbreviations: Hcy, homocysteine; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PAD, peripheral artery disease; ABI, ankle brachial index; BMI, body mass index.