Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study population by quartiles of dietary glycemic load (N = 2198)
| Characteristics | Glycemic load | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1(n = 549) | Q2(n = 550) | Q3(n = 550) | Q4(n = 549) | ||
| Glycemic load | 117 ± 22 | 167 ± 12 | 214 ± 16 | 309 ± 59 | < 0.001 |
| Glycemic index | 58.4 ± 7.8 | 60.8 ± 7.0 | 62.3 ± 6.8 | 66.2 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 39.2 ± 13.8 | 38.9 ± 13.1 | 38.0 ± 13.0 | 37.1 ± 13.6 | < 0.01 |
| Male (%) | 28.1 | 39.8 | 48.5 | 63.0 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 4.9 | 26.6 ± 4.6 | 26.5 ± 5.0 | 26.3 ± 4.7 | NS |
| Physical activity (MET_h/week) | 23.6 (8.9–45.3) | 23.8 (9.1–47.1) | 24.5 (11.4–52.1) | 24.3 (11.3–55.1) | < 0.01 |
| Current smoker (%) | 9.7 | 10.2 | 14.5 | 13.8 | < 0.05 |
| Diabetes and pre-diabetes (%) | 13.3 | 10.9 | 10.4 | 9.7 | NS |
| Hypertension (%) | 9.5 | 7.3 | 10.2 | 10.8 | NS |
| Dietary intakes | |||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1522 ± 386 | 2012 ± 373 | 2430 ± 431 | 3103 ± 524 | < 0.001 |
| Fruit and vegetable (serving/d/1000 Kcal) | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Refined grain (serving/d/1000 Kcal) | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
| Red and processed meat (serving/wk./1000 Kcal) | 2.3 (1.2–3.8) | 2.2 (1.3–3.5) | 2.2 (1.4–3.7) | 2.0 (1.1–3.4) | < 0.05 |
| Nut and legume (serving/wk./1000 Kcal) | 0.97 (0.57–1.63) | 0.97 (0.59–1.64) | 0.92 (0.53–1.57) | 0.95 (0.50–1.57) | NS |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 54.1 ± 7.4 | 56.3 ± 6.5 | 58.1 ± 6.5 | 60.7 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 |
| Fat (% of energy) | 34.3 ± 7.5 | 32.4 ± 6.4 | 30.9 ± 6.3 | 28.5 ± 6.1 | < 0.001 |
| Protein (% of energy) | 14.1 ± 2.7 | 13.8 ± 2.3 | 13.5 ± 2.2 | 12.9 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| Fiber (g/1000 Kcal) | 14.9 ± 5.7 | 15.8 ± 5.7 | 16.5 ± 6.6 | 18.0 ± 8.2 | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or as the median (IQR) for continuous variables and as percentages for categorical variables