Table 3.
Relative risk (95% CI) of cardiovascular disease in participants across quartiles of dietary insulin and glycemic scores*
| Quartiles | P for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Insulin Index | |||||
| Median (IQR) score | 44.3 (41.4–46.3) | 50.0 (49.0–50.9) | 53.8 (52.8–55.0) | 58.9 (57.3–61.5) | |
| CVD/Total | 15/549 | 17/550 | 15/549 | 29/550 | |
| person-years | 3660.2 | 3605.2 | 3623.0 | 3578.8 | |
| Incidence rate (10.000 person year) | 40.9 (24.6–67.8) | 47.0 (29.2–75.7) | 41.3 (24.9–68.5) | 80.9 (56.2–116.4) | |
| Crude model | 1.00 (ref) | 1.15 (0.57–2.31) | 1.01 (0.49–2.07) | 1.98 (1.06–3.69) | 0.033 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.01 (0.50–2.04) | 0.66 (0.32–1.35) | 1.10 (0.58–2.08) | 0.840 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.16 (0.57–2.36) | 0.69 (0.33–1.45) | 1.24 (0.65–2.33) | 0.638 |
| Insulin Load | |||||
| Median (IQR) score | 142.6 (118.8–159.0) | 196.0 (183.2–209.4) | 248.5 (235.2–264.8) | 340.6 (307.4–393.3) | |
| CVD/Total | 15/549 | 18/550 | 22/549 | 21/550 | |
| person-years | 3643.2 | 3643.5 | 3630.9 | 3550.1 | |
| Incidence rate (10.000 person year) | 41.1 (24.7–68.1) | 49.3 (31.0–78.2) | 60.4 (39.8–91.8) | 59.0 (38.5–90.5) | |
| Crude model | 1.00 (ref) | 1.19 (0.60–2.37) | 1.47 (0.76–2.83) | 1.41 (0.73–2.75) | 0.279 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.26 (0.63–2.50) | 1.20 (0.61–2.35) | 1.38 (0.71–2.71) | 0.386 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.52 (0.71–3.27) | 1.69 (0.71–3.77) | 2.08 (0.70–6.19) | 0.238 |
| Glycemic Index | |||||
| Median (IQR) score | 53.0 (49.6–55.1) | 59.9 (58.7–61.0) | 64.4 (63.3–65.6) | 70.6 (68.6–73.3) | |
| CVD/Total | 18/550 | 24/549 | 15/549 | 19/550 | |
| person-years | 3587.6 | 3603.9 | 3644.7 | 3629.6 | |
| Incidence rate (10.000 person year) | 50.0 (31.5–79.5) | 66.4 (44.5–99.2) | 41.0 (24.7–68.1) | 52.2 (33.3–81.9) | |
| Crude model | 1.00 (ref) | 1.34 (0.72–2.47) | 0.82 (0.41–1.64) | 1.05 (0.55–2.00) | 0.826 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.30 (0.70–2.41) | 0.87 (0.43–1.73) | 1.27 (0.66–2.43) | 0.703 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.32 (0.71–2.46) | 0.97 (0.48–1.97) | 1.55 (0.80–2.99) | 0.305 |
| Glycemic Load | |||||
| Median (IQR) score | 120.6 (104.2–134.8) | 167.5 (157.5–178.5) | 213.5 (200.9–227.4) | 292.1 (265.3–333.1) | |
| CVD/Total | 18/549 | 16/550 | 17/550 | 25/549 | |
| person-years | 3606.5 | 3677.1 | 3613.3 | 3570.9 | |
| Incidence rate (10.000 person year) | 49.8 (31.3–79.0) | 43.4 (26.6–70.9) | 46.9 (29.2–75.5) | 69.9 (47.2–103.4) | |
| Crude model | 1.00 (ref) | 0.87 (0.44–1.71) | 0.94 (0.48–1.83) | 1.39 (0.76–2.56) | 0.192 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.88 (0.44–1.73) | 0.97 (0.50–1.91) | 1.42 (0.76–2.65) | 0.170 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.15 (0.54–2.44) | 1.53 (0.66–3.50) | 2.77 (1.00–7.69) | 0.033 |
*Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI)
Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex
Model 2: Additionally adjusted for body mass index, physical activity, smoking (yes or no), daily energy intake, diabetes, and hypertension