Table 2.

Association between each ocular disease and the risk of bipolar disorder (BD)

	Number (%)		Risk of BD
Ocular Disease	BD (n = 2243)	Control (n = 8972)	OR (95% CI)	P
Age-related macular degeneration	29 (1.29)	95 (1.06)	1.22 (0.80–1.86)	0.347
Central serous retinopathy	3 (0.13)	23 (0.26)	0.52 (0.16–1.74)	0.289
Retinal vascular occlusion	4 (0.18)	23 (0.26)	0.70 (0.24–2.01)	0.503
Diabetic retinopathy	37 (1.65)	168 (1.87)	0.88 (0.61–1.26)	0.481
Glaucoma	93 (4.15)	253 (2.82)	1.49 (1.18–1.89)	0.001
Glaucoma suspect	34 (1.52)	84 (0.94)	1.63 (1.09–2.43)	0.017
Open-angle glaucoma	30 (1.34)	58 (0.65)	2.08 (1.34–3.24)	0.001
Closed-angle glaucoma	29 (1.29)	55 (0.61)	2.12 (1.36–3.33)	0.001
Undetermined glaucoma	46 (2.1)	127 (1.4)	1.46 (1.04–2.04)	0.027
Dry eye syndrome	184 (8.20)	687 (7.66)	1.08 (0.91–1.27)	0.380
Optic neuropathy	1 (0.04)	11 (0.12)	0.36 (0.05–2.82)	0.333
Negative control exposure
Retinal detachment	5 (0.22)	28 (0.31)	0.71 (0.27–1.85)	0.488
Uveitis	15 (0.67)	67 (0.75)	0.89 (0.51–1.56)	0.696
Blepharitis	70 (3.12)	303 (3.38)	0.92 (0.71–1.20)	0.538

OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval; NA not applicable