Table 3.
Association between each ocular disease and the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD)
| Number (%) | Risk of MDD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ocular Disease | MDD (n = 10,110) |
Control (n = 40,440) |
OR (95% CI) | P |
| Age-related macular degeneration | 195 (1.93) | 589 (1.46) | 1.33 (1.13–1.57) | 0.001 |
| Central serous retinopathy | 25 (0.25) | 78 (0.19) | 1.28 (0.82–2.01) | 0.280 |
| Retinal vascular occlusion | 37 (0.37) | 122 (0.30) | 1.21 (0.84–1.76) | 0.304 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 230 (2.27) | 972 (2.40) | 0.95 (0.82–1.09) | 0.447 |
| Glaucoma | 460 (4.55) | 1501 (3.71) | 1.24 (1.11–1.37) | < 0.001 |
| Glaucoma suspect | 161 (1.59) | 441 (1.09) | 1.47 (1.22–1.76) | < 0.001 |
| Open-angle glaucoma | 138 (1.36) | 376 (0.93) | 1.47 (1.21–1.80) | < 0.001 |
| Closed-angle glaucoma | 130 (1.29) | 433 (1.07) | 1.20 (0.99–1.47) | 0.067 |
| Undetermined glaucoma | 235 (2.3) | 777 (1.9) | 1.21 (1.05–1.40) | 0.009 |
| Dry eye syndrome | 994 (9.83) | 3326 (8.22) | 1.22 (1.13–1.31) | < 0.001 |
| Optic neuropathy | 14 (0.14) | 42 (0.10) | 1.33 (0.73–2.44) | 0.351 |
| Negative control exposure | ||||
| Retinal detachment | 35 (0.35) | 129 (0.32) | 1.09 (0.75–1.58) | 0.668 |
| Uveitis | 100 (0.99) | 338 (0.84) | 1.19 (0.95–1.48) | 0.138 |
| Blepharitis | 336 (3.32) | 1545 (3.82) | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) | 0.019 |
OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval; NA not applicable