Table 1.
Distribution of polygenic risk score, parental history of mental disorders and socioeconomic factors for the ADHD cases and the randomly drawn population controls.
| ADHD cases | Controls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | (%) | N | (%) | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 10,120 | (73.73) | 10,203 | (50.64) | |
| Female | 3605 | (26.27) | 9944 | (49.36) | |
| Polygenic risk scorea | |||||
| 50 | 513 | (3.74) | 339 | (1.68) | |
| 40 | 267 | (1.95) | 384 | (1.91) | |
| 30 | 240 | (1.75) | 406 | (2.02) | |
| 20 | 248 | (1.81) | 427 | (2.12) | |
| 10 | 274 | (2.00) | 400 | (1.99) | |
| 1 | 154 | (1.12) | 433 | (2.15) | |
| Mother | History of mental disorderb | ||||
| Schizophrenia and related disorders | 69 | (0.50) | 50 | (0.25) | |
| Mood disorders | 105 | (0.77) | 88 | (0.44) | |
| Neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders | 309 | (2.25) | 204 | (1.01) | |
| Other Psychiatric disorder | 276 | (2.01) | 183 | (0.91) | |
| No psychiatric disorder | 12,966 | (94.47) | 19,622 | (97.39) | |
| Highest obtained education | |||||
| Primary schoolc | 6413 | (46.72) | 5983 | (29.70) | |
| High school or vocational education | 5368 | (39.11) | 8830 | (43.83) | |
| Short- or medium-cycle higher education | 1736 | (12.65) | 4437 | (22.02) | |
| Long-cycle higher education or PhD | 208 | (1.52) | 897 | (4.45) | |
| Working status | |||||
| Unemployed or otherwise outside the labor marked | 3851 | (28.06) | 3506 | (17.40) | |
| Student in education | 485 | (3.53) | 505 | (2.51) | |
| Blue collar worker | 5421 | (39.50) | 6464 | (32.08) | |
| Self-employed | 174 | (1.27) | 335 | (1.66) | |
| Clerical worker or Leading wage-earner | 3794 | (27.64) | 9337 | (46.34) | |
| Income | |||||
| Lowest quintile | 3741 | (27.26) | 4017 | (19.94) | |
| Second quintile | 3143 | (22.90) | 4024 | (19.97) | |
| Third quintile | 2735 | (19.93) | 4030 | (20.00) | |
| Fourth quintile | 2362 | (17.21) | 4032 | (20.01) | |
| Highest quintile | 1744 | (12.71) | 4044 | (20.07) | |
| Father | History of mental disorderb | ||||
| Schizophrenia and related disorders | 76 | (0.55) | 51 | (0.25) | |
| Mood disorders | 58 | (0.42) | 55 | (0.27) | |
| Neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders | 176 | (1.28) | 134 | (0.67) | |
| Other Psychiatric disorder | 355 | (2.59) | 198 | (0.98) | |
| No psychiatric disorder | 13,060 | (95.15) | 19,709 | (97.83) | |
| Highest obtained education | |||||
| Primary schoolc | 5853 | (42.64) | 5244 | (26.03) | |
| High school or vocational education | 6364 | (46.37) | 10,356 | (51.40) | |
| Short- or medium-cycle higher education | 1119 | (8.15) | 3080 | (15.29) | |
| Long-cycle higher education or PhD | 389 | (2.83) | 1467 | (7.28) | |
| Working status | |||||
| Unemployed or otherwise outside the labor marked | 2028 | (14.78) | 1657 | (8.22) | |
| Student in education | 166 | (1.21) | 264 | (1.31) | |
| Blue collar worker | 8000 | (58.29) | 9673 | (48.01) | |
| Self-employed | 641 | (4.67) | 1437 | (7.13) | |
| Clerical worker or Leading wage-earner | 2890 | (21.06) | 7116 | (35.32) | |
| Income | |||||
| Lowest quintile | 4020 | (29.29) | 4014 | (19.92) | |
| Second quintile | 3064 | (22.32) | 4016 | (19.93) | |
| Third quintile | 2673 | (19.48) | 4028 | (19.99) | |
| Fourth quintile | 2186 | (15.93) | 4037 | (20.04) | |
| Highest quintile | 1782 | (12.98) | 4052 | (20.11) | |
aThe polygenic risk score of ADHD divided into fifty groups 1 to 50, here only showing counts for selected groups
bNone of the controls had a mother with ADHD and 9 controls had a father with ADHD. Among the individuals with ADHD, 15 had a mother with ADHD and 49 had a father with ADHD. Definition of ADHD among the parents: ICD-10 diagnosis: F90 or ICD-8 diagnosis: 308.01
cThis category includes individuals with missing information on parental education