Fig. 1. Loss of pqm-1 increases survival and recovery under hypoxic conditions.

a–c Survival analysis of animals exposed to 5 mM CoCl₂ at the L4 larval stage. a daf-2(e1370) (n = 130), pqm-1(ok485);daf-2(e1370) (n = 99). b daf-16(mu86) (n = 51), daf-16(mu86);pqm-1(ok485) (n = 63). c WT (N2) (n = 70), pqm-1(ok485) (n = 45). Log-rank analysis (two-sided) (a–c). Three (a, b) and four (c) independent experiments were performed. d Shrinking of worms exposed to 5 mM CoCl₂ at the L4 larval stage for 3 days and quantification of body size. Two-tailed t-test, mean ± SD, WT (N2) (n = 12), pqm-1(ok485) (n = 16); scale bars: 200 µm. Three independent experiments were performed. e Measurement of touch response of animals after exposure to <0.3% O₂ in a hypoxic chamber for 16 h at 26 °C followed by an 8 h recovery period; WT (N2) (n = 156), pqm-1(ok485) (n = 196). f Survival analysis of animals after exposure to <0.3% O₂ in a hypoxic chamber for 16 h at 26 °C followed by a one-day recovery period; WT (N2) (n = 137), pqm-1(ok485) (n = 162). e, f Chi-square analysis was performed, three independent experiments. g Nuclear localization analysis of a PQM-1::GFP fusion protein expressed in the intestine of worms exposed to 5 mM CoCl₂ at the late L4 larval stage for 20 h until worms reach the adulthood stage. Arrows point to intestine; arrowheads point to intestinal nuclei in insets. Insets display anterior (i.) and posterior (ii.) intestinal regions. Representative images for the category “nuclear in anterior and posterior intestine” are displayed (CoCl₂ condition, top). The category “weakly nuclear in posterior intestine” is represented by the control condition (bottom); scale bars: 100 µm, in insets: 50 µm. Chi-square analysis was performed; control condition (n = 54), CoCl₂ condition (n = 30); three independent experiments.