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. 2020 Oct 2;11:4966. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18757-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Representative electropherograms of the secreted fractions from MEA (top row), LEA (middle row), and the cerebellum (bottom row) of non-status control and epileptic rats. Peak identification: (1) L-Ser; (2) D-Ser; (3) L-Asn; (4) L-Thr; (5) L-Gln; (6) L/D-Glu + D-Gln + D-Thr; (7) β-HSer (internal standard); (8) L/D-Asp; (9) L-His; (10) Gly; (11) L/D-Ala; (12) α-ABA (IS); (13) L-Tyr; (14) D-Tyr; (15) L-Met; (16) D-Met; (17) β-Ala; (18) L-Val; (19) D-Val; (20) Tau; (21) GABA; (22) L-Ile + L/D-Leu; (23) L/D-Phe; (24) L-Trp; (25) D-Trp; (26) β-Phe (IS); and (27) L/D-Arg. Insets (rightmost panel) are overlays of zoomed-in images of electropherograms from control (black) and epileptic (red) animals highlighting differences in the normalized fluorescence intensities of the L- and D-serine peaks (time-shifted to facilitate viewing). The bars atop peaks facilitate viewing of the amplitude differences. b Raw data and histograms of average D-serine levels in brain tissue (supernatant or secreted fraction, left panel; cell homogenate fraction, right panel) from the indicated regions of non-status control and epileptic rats expressed in μg/g of brain tissue (top panels) and as a percentage of total serine (D + L, bottom panels) within the samples. Numbers within bar plots indicate animals used (n) and the inset identifies location of LEA, presubiculum (PrS), and parasubiculum (Par) relative to the MEA. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, Student’s t test. Error bars represent SEM. c Summary of neuroglia changes characterizing TLE pathology and two possible avenues through which D-serine might mitigate cell loss within the MEA.