Table 1.
Characteristics and (bio)chemical data for the HM patients and controls.
| Control | Hematological malignancy (HM) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample number | 50† | 40† | |||||
| Age: mean (SD‡) | 59.3 (12.2) | 57.3 (15.2) | |||||
| Female/Male | 25/25 | 19/21 | |||||
| Disease (%) | ALL†† | 0 (0%) | 5 (12.5%) | ||||
| AML†† | 0 (0%) | 17 (42.5%) | |||||
| NM†† | 0 (0%) | 9 (22.5%) | |||||
| NHL†† | 0 (0%) | 9 (22.5%) | |||||
| Isotope ratios | Mean (SD‡) | Median (ICR‡‡) | Mean (SD‡) | Median (ICR‡‡) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Items | Unit | ||||||
| δ56Fe | ‰ | − 2.77 (0.40) | − 2.84 (− 3.0, − 2.7) | − 2.90 (0.46) | − 3.00 (− 3.1, − 2.7) | 0.096 | |
| δ65Cu | ‰ | − 0.21 (0.17) | − 0.21 (− 0.26, − 0.14) | − 0.43 (0.29) | − 0.42 (− 0.61, − 0.30) | < 0.001** | |
| δ66Zn | ‰ | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.22, 0.27) | 0.34 (0.12) | 0.33 (0.26, 0.39) | 0.007** | |
| Element concentrations | Mean (SD‡) | Median (ICR‡‡) | Mean (SD‡) | Median (ICR‡‡) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Items | Unit | ||||||
| Fe | × 10–1 µg/mL | 11 (3.2) | 9.6 (8.7, 11) | 14 (6.1) | 14 (10, 17) | 0.007** | |
| Cu | × 10–1 µg/mL | 7.6 (1.1) | 7.5 (7.1, 7.8) | 11 (4.0) | 9.9 (8.8, 11) | < 0.001** | |
| Zn | × 10–1 µg/mL | 7.1 (0.86) | 7.0 (6.7, 7.5) | 5.7 (1.3) | 5.7 (5.3, 6.2) | < 0.001** | |
| Laboratory tests | Mean (SD‡) | Median (ICR‡‡) | Mean (SD‡) | Median (ICR‡‡) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Items | Abb.†† | unit | |||||
| White blood cells | WBC | × 103/mL | 5.1 (1.3) | 5.3 (4.7, 5.5) | 47 (134) | 6.3 (3.0, 0.10) | 0.001** |
| Blasts | BLAS | × 103/mL | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 17 (43) | 0.0 (0.0, 3.6) | < 0.001** |
| Neutrophils | NEU | × 103/mL | 3.0 (1.0) | 2.7 (2.5, 3.4) | 5.7 (9.2) | 2.6 (1.0, 4.4) | < 0.001** |
| Monocytes | MON | × 102/mL | 0.22 (0.13) | 0.21 (0.16, 0.26) | 11 (66) | 0.13 (0.07, 0.32) | 0.17 |
| Eosinophils | EOS | × 102/mL | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.3 (0.76, 1.7) | 0.80 (1.9) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.20) | < 0.001** |
| Basophils | BAS | × 101/mL | 4.3 (4.9) | 3.8 (0.0, 5.7) | 1.1 (3.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.011 |
| Lymphocites | LYM | × 103/mL | 1.7 (0.59) | 1.7 (1.3, 1.9) | 12 (46) | 1.2 (0.81, 2.3) | 0.008** |
| Red blood cells | RBC | × 105/mL | 4.7 (0.43) | 4.8 (4.6, 4.9) | 2.9 (0.86) | 2.9 (2.4, 3.5) | < 0.001** |
| Hematocrit | Ht | % | 44 (3.7) | 44 (42, 45) | 28 (7.6) | 27 (23, 32) | < 0.001** |
| Hemoglobin | Hb | × 101 g/dL | 1.4 (0.14) | 1.4 (1.4, 1.5) | 0.93 (0.26) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.1) | < 0.001** |
| Platelets | PLT | × 105/mL | 2.3 (0.53) | 2.3 (2.0, 2.5) | 1.2 (1.1) | 0.85 (0.46, 1.6) | < 0.001** |
| Albumin | ALB | × 100 g/dL | 4.4 (0.23) | 4.4 (4.3, 4.4) | 3.5 (0.69) | 3.7 (3.3, 3.9) | < 0.001** |
| Total bilirubin | TBI | × 100 mg/dL | 1.1 (0.36) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | 0.82 (0.60) | 0.70 (0.50, 0.80) | < 0.001** |
| Aspartate aminotransferase | GOT | × 101 U/L | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.9, 2.4) | 3.2 (2.9) | 2.2 (1.9, 2.7) | 0.40 |
| Alanine aminotransferase | GPT | × 101 U/L | 2.5 (1.7) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.5) | 3.0 (4.7) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | 0.59 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase | LDH | × 102 U/L | 1.9 (0.56) | 1.8 (1.7, 1.9) | 4.3 (4.0) | 2.6 (2.4, 4.0) | < 0.001** |
| Blood urea nitrogen | BUN | × 101 mg/dL | 1.6 (0.43) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7) | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | 0.24 |
| Creatinine | CRE | × 10–1 mg/dL | 7.3 (1.7) | 7.2 (6.7, 7.8) | 9.1 (5.7) | 7.1 (6.2, 9.0) | 0.16 |
| Uric acid | UA | × 100 mg/dL | 5.6 (1.3) | 5.4 (4.8, 6.3) | 6.4 (3.0) | 5.7 (4.5, 7.0) | 0.33 |
| Sodium | Na | × 102 mEq/L | 1.4 (0.02) | 1.4 (1.4, 1.4) | 1.4 (0.06) | 1.4 (1.4, 1.4) | < 0.001** |
| Potasium | K | × 100 mEq/L | 4.1 (0.32) | 4.1 (4.0, 4.2) | 3.9 (0.50) | 3.9 (3.7, 4.2) | 0.044 |
| Chloride | Cl | × 102 mEq/L | 1.0 (0.15) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.042) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 0.002** |
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. **P < 0.01; ‡SD: standard deviation; ‡‡ICR: inter-quartile range.
†Number of healthy controls was 47 for δ65Cu and δ66Zn, and 44 for δ56Fe.
†Number of HM patients was 39 for δ65Cu and δ66Zn, and 38 for δ56Fe.
††ALL Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, AML Acute Myeloid Leukemia, MM Multiple Myeloma, NHL Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Abb. abbreviation.