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. 2020 Oct 2;10:16411. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73402-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Radial barcharts visualizing the 4 phenotypes. (a) Phenotype 1 (PT1) characterises the patient subgroup with lowest health burden among all phenotypes. (b) PT2 represents the most suffering subgroup, with all of the psychosomatic and somatic measurement averages exceeding the population mean $+$ 0.5 standard deviations (SD). PT3 (c) exhibits above population average scores for somatic indicators whereas PT4 (d) is characterised by increased distress scores, including subjective stress and perceived quality of life. Bars are arranged in a circular layout. The height of a bar shows a feature’s z-score normalised within-cluster average, and the grey line centred at the top of the bar illustrates the 95% confidence interval. The colour of a bar represents the difference of the within-cluster average from the overall patient average (PA), from − 1.5 SD below PA (dark blue) to PA (yellow) and $+$ 1.5 SD above PA (bright red). Features were grouped into 9 categories defined by tinnitus experts. The categories are shown within the inner circle. See subsection Features for a description of each questionnaire and the extracted features.