Fig. 35.

Tipping points of the AMOC in the idealized ocean model. (a) Bifurcation diagram with the sum of the maximum (${\Psi }_{+}$) meridional overturning stream function and minimum (${\Psi }_{-}$) meridional overturning stream function vs. the anomalous freshwater flux strength $\beta$. (b) Pattern of the meridional overturning stream function ($\Psi$) at the upper stable branch. (c) Pattern of $\Psi$ at the lower stable branch.

Reprinted figure from Ref. [69].