Table 2.
Individual study outcomes
| Follow-up (IG/CG) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Pain | ||
| Bell et al. 2006 [23] | Pain free walking (n(%); p): 11(48)/2(29); p > 0.05 | 15/16 months postoperativeb |
| Boyle et al. 2014 [24] | VAS (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 0.66/1.03; − 0.38; [− 1.01–0.26] | 12 months postoperativeb |
| Chu et al. 2009 [32] | Pain (n(%); p): 7(28)/3(12); p = 0.92 | 16.5 months postoperativeb (mean) |
| Garner et al. 2015 [26] | VAS (median; p): 0.6/0.5; p = 0.64 | 15.4/40.6 months (median) |
| Hamid et al. 2009 [29] | VAS (mean; p): 0.074/2.02; p = 0.268 | 30 months postoperativeb (mean) |
| Functional | ||
| Acklin et al. 2016 [22] | Constant-Murley score (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 70.8/75.6; 4.8; [1.8–7.8]. | 9 ± 4 weeks |
| Bell et al. 2006 [23] |
Baird and Jackson ankle score (mean, p): 88/86, p = 0.79. Return to work (n(%), p): 13(57)/4(57), p > 0.05 |
15/16 months postoperativeb |
| Boyle et al. 2014 [24] |
Olerud–Molander ankle score (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 86.7/82.4; 4.3; [− 5.2–13.9] American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hind foot score (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 90.1/88.6; 1.5; [− 6.0–9.1] American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons foot and ankle score (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 91.8/87.0; 4.8; [− 3.5–13.2] |
12 months postoperativeb |
| Chu et al. 2009 [32] | Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument: global functioning improved p = 0.012 | 16.5 months postoperativeb (mean) |
| Dimitriou et al. 2020 [34] | Subjective increase of function n(%): 54 (96) | 12 months postoperativeb |
| Garner et al. 2015 [26] |
Knee Outcome Survey (median; p): 85/78.8; p = 0.12 Lower Extremity Functional Scale (median; p): 80/66.3; p < 0.05 |
15.4/40.6 months (median) |
| Goshima et al. 2019 [35] |
Japanese Orthopedic Association score (mean, SD, p): 93.9(7.2)/94.7(6.2); p > 0.05 Oxford Knee Score (mean, SD, p): 41.0(5.1)/43.1(4.7); p = 0.03 |
12 months postoperativeb |
| Gosling et al. 2004 [28] | Complaints after nail removal (n(%)): 3(17) | 6.3 years (mean) |
| Gosling 2005 [27] | Complaints after nail removal (n(%)): 10(20) | 7.4 years (mean) |
| Hamid et al. 2009 [29] | American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hind foot score (mean; p): 85.8/85.59; p = 0.714 | 30 months postoperativeb (mean) |
| Miller et al. 2010 [30] |
Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (mean; p): 42/75; p = 0.002 Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (mean): Symptoms: 58/75 Pain: 65/79 Activities of daily living: 74/87 Sports and recreation: 49/62 Quality of life: 40/53 |
7 months postoperativeb |
| Tucker et al. 2013 [31] |
Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (mean; p): 75.0/81.5; p = 0.107 Excellent overall functional outcome (%, mean adjusted difference, [95% CI]): 23.26/25; – 9.3; [− 18.5 to − 0.2] |
31 months (mean) |
| Clinical measures | ||
| Bell et al. 2006 [23] |
Ankle range of motion (mean motion deficit in degrees compared to normal ankle, p) Flexion: 11.5/12.1, p > 0.05 Inversion: 10.4/10.0, p > 0.05 |
15/16 months postoperativeb |
| Boyle et al. 2014 [24] |
Ankle dorsiflexion [degree] (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 13.0/10.2; 2.7; [− 1.4–6.9] Ankle plantar flexion [degree] (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 31.2/33.6; − 2.3; [− 9.3–4.6] Calf girth loss [cm] (mean; MD; [95% CI]): 0.04/0.07M -0.21; [− 0.69–0.26] Tibiofibular clear space [mm] (mean; MD; [95% CI]):5.3/5.0; 0.34; [− 0.28–0.95] |
12 months postoperativeb |
| Briceno et al. 2019 [33] |
Ankle dorsiflexion [degree] (mean; SE; p): 13.8(1.5)/10.1(2.4); p = 0.129. Subjective improvement of dorsiflexion (n(%)): 10 (48) |
3 months postoperativeb |
| Dimitriou et al. 2020 [34] |
Range of motion [degree] (mean; SD; p): External rotation: 38(NR)/41(8.3); p = 0.07 Abduction: 125(29)/140(25); p = 0.001 Flexion: 130(27)/150(20); p = 0.001 |
12 months postoperativeb |
| Goshima et al. 2019 [35] |
Radiological evaluation [degree] (mean; SD; p) Hip–knee–ankle angle: 4.1(2.5)/3.9(2.7); p = ns Medial proximal tibial angle: 94.0(3.0)/93.7(3.0); p = ns Posterior tibial slope: 9.2(3.2)/9.4(3.3); p = ns Weight-bearing line ratio [%] (mean; SD; p): 67.8(10.0)/65.7(10.6); p = ns |
12 months postoperativeb |
| Miller et al. 2010 [30] |
Average range of motion [degree] (mean; p): Dorsiflexion: 10/20; p < 0.05 Plantarflexion: 35/45; p < 0.05 |
7 months postoperativeb |
| Quality of life | ||
| Garner et al. 2015 [26] |
Short Form-36 Survey (median; p): Mental Component Summary: 57.6/55.6; p = 0.78 Physical Component: 50.9/44.9; p < 0.05 |
15.4/40.6 months median) |
| Adverse events | ||
| Bell et al. 2006 [23] |
Syndesmotic screw malposition (n): 1/0 Syndesmotic screw breakage (n; p): 0a/2; p < 0.025 |
15/16 months postoperativeb |
| Dimitriou et al. 2020 [34] |
Avascular necrosis n(%): 7(13) Other complications n(%): 0(0) |
29 months postoperative b |
| Hamid et al. 2009 [29] | Syndesmotic screw breakage (n): 0a/10 | 30 months postoperativeb (mean) |
CG control group, IG intervention group, MD mean difference, SE standard error, VAS visual analogue scale
aScrews have been removed before assessment
bAfter index procedure