Table 2.
Agents and Drugs That Have Modulatory Effects on Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors Levels in MS Patients, in vivo EAE Mouse Model, or in vitro Assays
| MS or EAE Targeting Agent/Drug | Modulated Chemokine/Chemokine Receptor |
|---|---|
| BX 471 | CCR1 |
| Anti CCL3 antibody | CCL3 |
| Met-RANTES | CCR1, CCR5 |
| Anti CCR6 antibody | CCR6 |
| Anti CXCL10 antibody | CXCL10 |
| AMD3100 | CXCR4, CXCL12 |
| NSC-87877 | CXCR7 |
| CCX771 | CXCR7 |
| MAb 5261 | CXCL13 |
| Anti CXCL16 antibody | CXCL16 |
| Methylprednisolone (MP) | CXCL10, CXCL13, CXCR1, CXCR2 |
| Glatiramer acetate (GA) | CCR5, CCR7, CXCR3, CXCR6 |
| Interferon-Beta (IFN-β) | CCL2, CCL3, CCl5, CCL7, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCR5, CXCR3 |
| 4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU) | CXCL12 |
| Mitoxantrone | CXCR1, CXCR2, CCL2, CCR2 |
| Cladribine | CCL5, CXCL8 |
| Natalizumab (Tysabri) | CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13, CCL22 |
| Rituximab | CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL13, CCL19 |
Notes: Several monoclonal antibodies or antagonists have direct effects on some chemokines and chemokine receptors that are implicated in the pathophysiology of MS. Additionally, some MS targeting drugs such as MP, GA, IFN-β, 4-MU, mitoxantrone, cladribine, natalizumab, and rituximab, have indirect modulatory effects on these chemokines and chemokine receptors.
Abbreviations: 4-MU, 4-methylumbelliferone; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; GA, glatiramer acetate; IFN-β, interferon-beta; MP, methylprednisolone; MS, multiple sclerosis.