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1)
Criminal justice settings
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2)
Syringe service programs
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3)
Health-care facilities
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4)
First responder stations (e.g., police and fire stations)
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5)
Addiction treatment and recovery facilities
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6)
Mental/behavioral health treatment facilities
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7)
Community-based social service agencies
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8)
Hotline (phone or internet) responding to service requests
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o
Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) (McNeely et al., 2016a)
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o
Single-item Drug Screening Question (Smith et al., 2010)
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o
TAPS Tool (Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription Medication and Other Substance Use) (McNeely et al., 2016b; Schwartz et al., 2017)
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o
Rapid Opioid dependence screen (RODS) (Wickersham et al., 2015)
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o
Prescription Drug Monitoring Program systems (Huizenga et al., 2016)
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o
Screening-provider directed (Donofrio and Degutis, 2010)
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o
Electronic Health Record prompted screening and automated algorithms (Lo-Ciganic et al., 2019; Schechter‐Perkins et al., 2018; Webster and Webster, 2005)
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o
Identification of family members (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, 2018)
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o
SAMHSA “Now What? The Role of Prevention Following a Nonfatal Opioid Overdose” (SAMHSA Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies, 2018)
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o
Opioid Risk Tool (Webster and Webster, 2005)
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o
Risk Index for Overdose or Serious Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression (Yates et al., 2018)
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o
Screening for Adolescents (Kelly et al., 2014; Levy et al., 2014)
-
o
SAMHSA for Screening in Pregnant Women (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2018a)
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o
Screening for Drug Use in General Medical Settings (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2014b)
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o
Post opioid overdose outreach by public health and public safety agencies (Bagley, S. M. et al., 2019)
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o
Emerging programs in Massachusetts (Formica et al., 2018)
-
o
Accessing Social Networks (Kimbrough et al., 2009)
-
o
AnchorED (Bagley et al., 2019; The Providence Center, 2019; Waye et al., 2019)
-
o
Police Assisted Addiction Recovery Initiative (Schiff et al., 2017)
-
o
Relay, a peer-delivered response to nonfatal opioid overdoses (Welch et al., 2019)
-
o
Recovery Initiation and Management after Overdose (Scott et al., 2020, 2018)
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o
Mobile Recovery Outreach Teams (Wagner et al., 2019)
-
o
Opioid Overdose Reversal Program (Powell et al., 2019)
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-
1)
Non-fatal overdose records (911 calls/EMS; ED encounters)
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2)
Records of people having called service systems/hotlines
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3)
Frequent use of other health services
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4)
Substance Use Disorder/Mental Health treatment records
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5)
Records of individuals encountering law enforcement
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