Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to the duration of viral shedding.
| All patients (n = 99) | Viral shedding duration after diagnosis ≤30 days (n = 39) | Viral shedding duration after diagnosis >30 days (n = 60) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 59 (45, 68) | 58 (39, 67) | 58.5 (47, 66.8) | 0.636 | ||
| Sex, male | 43 (43.4) | 18 (46.2) | 25 (41.7) | 0.683 | ||
| Duration from diagnosis to admission | 3 (2, 6) | 3 (1, 4) | 4 (2, 7) | 0.060 | ||
| Duration of viral RNA shedding | 33 (27, 40) | 24 (21, 27) | 37 (33, 44.8) | <0.001 | ||
| Duration from diagnosis to temperature recovery | 4 (2, 8) | 3 (1, 5) | 6 (2, 9) | 0.002 | ||
| Duration from diagnosis to radiologic recovery | 18 (12, 23) | 12 (10, 16) | 21.5 (16, 28) | <0.001 | ||
| NEWS | 1 (0, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 1 (0, 3) | 0.070 | ||
| Any comorbidity | 43 (43.3) | 17 (43.6) | 26 (43.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 9 (9.1) | 3 (7.7) | 6 (10.0) | 1.000 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3 (3.0) | 2 (5.1) | 1 (1.7) | 0.560 | ||
| Chronic lung disease | 3 (3.0) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (3.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Dementia | 3 (3.0) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (3.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 14 (14.1) | 5 (12.8) | 9 (15.0) | 0.780 | ||
| Hypertension | 32 (32.3) | 11 (28.2) | 21 (35.0) | 0.517 | ||
| Complications | ||||||
| ARDS | 11 (11.1) | 5 (12.8) | 6 (10.0) | 0.748 | ||
| Septic shock | 4 (4.0) | 2 (5.1) | 2 (3.3) | 0.645 | ||
| Acute cardiac injury | 5 (5.1) | 3 (7.7) | 2 (3.3) | 0.380 | ||
| Acute kidney injury | 4 (4.0) | 2 (5.1) | 2 (3.3) | 0.645 | ||
| Medication | ||||||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 92 (92.9) | 34 (87.2) | 58 (96.7) | 0.109 | ||
| Diagnosis to first lopinavir/ritonavir days | 3 (2, 6) | 3 (1, 4) | 4 (2.5, 6.5) | 0.020 | ||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir < 5 days of diagnosis | 66 (71.7) | 29 (85.3) | 37 (63.8) | 0.032 | ||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir ≥5 days of diagnosis | 26 (28.3) | 5 (14.7) | 21 (36.2) | |||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 90 (90.9) | 35 (89.7) | 55 (91.7) | 0.736 | ||
| Diagnosis to first hydroxychloroquine, days | 5 (3, 8) | 3 (1, 5) | 7 (3, 9) | <0.001 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine <5 days of diagnosis | 42 (46.7) | 24 (68.6) | 18 (32.7) | 0.001 | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine ≥5 days of diagnosis | 48 (53.3) | 11 (31.4) | 37 (67.3) | |||
| Glucocorticoid | 22 (22.2) | 10 (25.6) | 12 (20.0) | 0.622 | ||
| Glucocorticoid <5 days of diagnosis | 7 (68.2) | 8 (80.0) | 7 (58.3) | 0.381 | ||
| Glucocorticoid ≥5 days of diagnosis | 15 (31.8) | 2 (20.0) | 5 (41.7) | |||
| Treatment | ||||||
| Oxygen | 28 (28.3) | 10 (25.6) | 18 (30.0) | 0.657 | ||
| HFNC | 7 (7.1) | 3 (7.7) | 4 (6.7) | 1.000 | ||
| IMV | 5 (5.1) | 3 (7.7) | 2 (3.3) | 0.380 | ||
| CRRT | 1 (1.0) | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.394 | ||
| ECMO | 3 (3.0) | 2 (5.1) | 1 (1.7) | 0.560 | ||
Continuous variables are expressed as median (IQR) and were compared using a Student's t-test. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for prolonged viral shedding using variables with P values <0.1 in univariable analyses.
RNA, ribonucleic acid; NEWS, national early warning score; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; HFNC, high flow nasal cannula; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.