Table 2.
Univariate (Unadjusted) Analyses of Factors Associated with Different Inhaled Pharmacotherapies
| Factors | Pharmacotherapies | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICS | ICS/LABA | LABA | LAMA | SABA | SAMA | |
| Age | 0.95 (0.95–0.96)** | 1.70 (1.67–1.74)** | 2.19 (2.11–2.27)** | 2.84 (2.74–2.94)** | 0.82 (0.81–0.83)** | 3.34 (3.24–3.45)** |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Male | 0.97 (0.95–0.99)* | 1.19 (1.13–1.25)** | 1.28 (1.19–1.39)** | 1.83 (1.70–1.97)** | 0.94 (0.92–0.95)** | 1.49 (1.41–1.59)** |
| Year of cohort entry | ||||||
| January 1998–December 2007 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| January 2008–July 2018 | 3.86 (3.77–3.94)** | 0.45 (0.43–0.47)** | 2.68 (2.41–2.98)** | 0.04 (0.04–0.05)** | 0.39 (0.38–0.39)** | 1.43 (1.34–1.53)** |
| OAD diagnoses | ||||||
| Asthma | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| COPD | 0.29 (0.28–0.30)** | 4.98 (4.72–5.27)** | 6.0 (5.49–6.54)** | 5.45 (5.24–5.65)**# | 0.74 (0.72–0.76)** | 20.14 (18.73–21.65)** |
| Asthma-COPD Overlap | 0.61 (0.58–0.63)** | 5.09 (4.74–5.47)** | 5.86 (5.24–6.57)** | 4.62 (4.40–4.83)**# | 0.64 (0.61–0.66)** | 15.40 (14.07–16.85)** |
| p-value (type 3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | ||||||
| Underweight | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Normal | 0.78 (0.75–0.81)** | 1.95 (1.73–2.20)** | 1.63 (1.35–1.96)** | 1.59 (1.36–1.86)** | 1.10 (1.07–1.14)** | 1.49 (1.30–1.71)** |
| Overweight | 0.75 (0.72–0.78)** | 2.28 (2.02–2.58)** | 1.81 (1.50–2.19)** | 1.80 (1.53–2.11)** | 1.09 (1.05–1.13)** | 1.71 (1.49–1.97)** |
| Obese | 0.69 (0.67–0.72)** | 2.34 (2.11–2.70)** | 1.72 (1.42–2.09)** | 1.95 (1.66–2.30)** | 1.16 (1.12–1.21)** | 1.52 (1.31–1.75)** |
| p-value (type 3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Index of deprivation | ||||||
| Least deprived | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Less deprived | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | 1.31 (1.17–1.47)** | 0.96 (0.94–0.98)* | 1.26 (1.14–1.39)** |
| Deprived | 0.97 (0.95–0.99)* | 1.02 (0.94–1.09) | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 1.27 (1.13–1.43)** | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 1.25 (1.13–1.39)** |
| More deprived | 0.93 (0.90–0.95)** | 10.97 (0.90–1.04) | 1.32 (1.17–1.49)** | 1.36 (1.21–1.53)** | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 1.44 (1.30–1.59)** |
| Most deprived | 0.92 (0.89–0.94)** | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 1.29 (1.13–1.46)** | 1.51 (1.35–1.70)** | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 1.95 (1.78–2.15)** |
| p value (type 3) | <0.0001 | 0.7061 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.72 (0.70–0.75)** | 1.73 (1.58–1.90)** | 2.30 (1.99–2.66)** | 12.00 (9.77–14.73)** | 0.91 (0.88–0.94)** | 5.46 (4.78–6.23)** |
| Ex-smoker | 0.64 (0.61–0.66)** | 2.57 (2.36–2.80)** | 2.51 (2.17–2.91)** | 16.61 (13.56–20.34)** | 0.86 (0.83–0.89)** | 6.03 (5.28–6.89)** |
| p value (type 3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Other drugs | ||||||
| NSAIDs | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.09 (1.07–1.12)** | 0.89 (0.83–0.96)* | 0.78 (0.70–0.86)** | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99)* | 0.73 (0.68–0.79)** |
| Opioids | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.60 (1.52–1.67)** | 0.49 (0.45–0.54** | 0.55 (0.47–0.64)** | 0.28 (0.25–0.31)** | 0.95 (0.92–0.99)* | 0.48 (0.43–0.54)** |
| Acetaminophen | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.16 (1.12–1.20)** | 0.68 (0.63–0.73)** | 0.65 (0.58–0.74)** | 0.36 (0.33–0.39)** | 1.12 (1.08–1.15)** | 0.44 (0.41–0.48)** |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0.80 (0.78–0.82)** | 2.23 (2.10–2.37)** | 2.22 (2.02–2.44)** | 4.99 (4.53–5.51)** | 0.90 (0.88–0.92)** | 3.48 (3.23–3.74)** |
| >1 | 0.52 (0.51–0.54)** | 3.26 (3.07–3.46)** | 2.75 (2.49–3.04)** | 12.50 (11.45–13.64)** | 0.93 (0.91–0.96)** | 5.29 (4.92–5.68)** |
| p value (type 3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Indicators for disease severity measured in the year before cohort entry | ||||||
| Rx of methylxanthine | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.60 (0.53–0.68)** | 0.44 (0.34–0.56)** | 0.16 (0.12–0.20)** | 0.91 (0.55–1.49) | 3.12 (2.76–3.52)** | 0.19 (0.15–0.23)** |
| Rx of oral corticosteroid | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 0.75 (0.73–0.77)** | 0.56 (0.53 0.60)** | 0.51 (0.46–0.56)** | 0.72 (0.65–0.79)** | 1.55 (1.51–1.59)** | 0.62 (0.57–0.67)** |
| No. of hospitalization | ||||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0.87 (0.85–0.90)** | 1.83 (1.72–1.96)** | 1.58 (1.42–1.77)** | 2.88(2.64–3.14)** | 0.89(0.87–0.92)** | 2.00(1.85–2.16)** |
| >1 | 0.74 (0.71–0.77)** | 2.45 (1.73–1.96)** | 2.23 (1.96–2.53)** | 4.73(4.30–5.21)** | 0.86 (0.83–0.89)** | 2.59 (2.35–2.84)** |
| p value (type 3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Physician visits | ||||||
| 1–17 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 18 –35 | 0.60 (0.58–0.61)** | 2.33 (2.19–2.47)** | 1.76 (1.59–1.95)** | 5.29 (4.89–5.71)** | 1.08 (1.05–1.11)** | 2.09 (1.94–2.25)** |
| >36 | 0.36 (0.33–0.38)** | 3.07 (2.75–3.43)** | 1.63 (1.30–2.05)** | 9.26 (8.22–10.44)** | 1.25 (1.18–1.32)** | 2.33 (2.01–2.71)** |
| p value (type 3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0.80 (0.78–0.82)** | 2.23 (2.10–2.37)** | 2.22 (2.02–2.44)** | 4.99 (4.53–5.51)** | 0.90 (0.88–0.92)** | 3.48 (3.23–3.74)** |
| >1 | 0.52 (0.51–0.54)** | 3.26 (3.07–3.46)** | 2.75 (2.49–3.04)** | 12.50 (11.45–13.64)** | 0.93 (0.91–0.96)** | 5.29 (4.92–5.68)** |
| p value (type 3) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Notes: **p < 0.0001; *p < 0.05; #model value.
Abbreviations: ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; SABA, short-acting beta2-agonist; LABA, long-acting beta2-agonist; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CI, confidence interval; ACO, asthma-COPD overlap; STD, standard deviation; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Rx, prescription.