Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristics | Category | Total (n=3,781) | Male (n=1,648) | Female (n=2,133) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical additive | DEHP (ug/g creatinine) | 62.3 (38.7–108.4) | 52.2 (32.2–90.6) | 71.8 (44.6–122.9) |
| MEHHP (ug/g creatinine) | 18.3 (10.9–30.5) | 15.8 (9.22–25.7) | 20.5 (12.5–34.3) | |
| MEOHP (ug/g creatinine) | 13.7 (7.90–23.8) | 11.5 (6.74–19.7) | 16.0 (9.25–27.0) | |
| MECPP (ug/g creatinine) | 28.5 (17.1–52.6) | 23.6 (14.2–43.7) | 32.8 (19.9–61.1) | |
| MnBP (ug/g creatinine) | 33.1 (17.3–60.5) | 28.3 (14.8–51.5) | 36.8 (20.3–67.4) | |
| MBzP (ug/g creatinine) | 2.74 (1.41–5.59) | 2.43 (1.28–4.92) | 3.06 (1.55–6.12) | |
| MCOP (ug/g creatinine) | 1.25 (0.72–2.20) | 1.05 (0.62–1.78) | 1.45 (0.84–2.53) | |
| MCNP (ug/g creatinine) | 0.55 (0.28–1.05) | 0.45 (0.22–0.82) | 0.67 (0.33–1.23) | |
| MCPP (ug/g creatinine) | 1.32 (0.81–2.31) | 1.06 (0.67–1.85) | 1.50 (0.97–2.72) | |
| Age | 19–29 | 281 (7.4) | 136 (8.3) | 145 (6.8) |
| 30–39 | 542 (14.3) | 224 (13.6) | 318 (14.9) | |
| 40–49 | 620 (16.4) | 276 (16.7) | 344 (16.1) | |
| 50–59 | 882 (23.3) | 356 (21.6) | 526 (24.7) | |
| 60–69 | 935 (24.7) | 415 (25.2) | 520 (24.4) | |
| ≥70 | 521 (13.8) | 241 (14.6) | 280 (13.1) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6±3.52 | 25.0±3.44 | 24.3±3.56 | |
| Education | ≤Middle school | 122 (3.2) | 18 (1.1) | 104 (4.9) |
| High school | 2,330 (61.6) | 956 (58.0) | 1,374 (64.4) | |
| ≥College | 1,329 (35.1) | 674 (40.9) | 655 (30.7) | |
| Marital status | Single | 418 (11.1) | 238 (14.4) | 180 (8.4) |
| Married | 2,931 (77.5) | 1,324 (80.3) | 1,607 (75.3) | |
| Others | 432 (11.4) | 86 (5.2) | 346 (16.2) | |
| Household incomea | <2 million won | 1,436 (38.0) | 591 (35.9) | 845 (39.6) |
| 2–5 million won | 1,733 (45.8) | 784 (47.6) | 949 (44.5) | |
| ≥5 million won | 595 (15.7) | 266 (16.1) | 329 (15.4) | |
| Not known | 17 (0.4) | 7 (0.4) | 10 (0.5) | |
| Smoking | None or ex | 3,177 (84.0) | 1,105 (67.1) | 2,072 (97.1) |
| Current smoker | 604 (16.0) | 543 (32.9) | 61 (2.9) | |
| Alcohol | None or ex | 761 (20.1) | 144 (8.7) | 617 (28.9) |
| Current | 3,020 (79.9) | 1,504 (91.3) | 1,516 (71.1) | |
| Exercise | No | 2,082 (55.1) | 861 (52.2) | 1,221 (57.2) |
| Yes | 1,699 (44.9) | 787 (47.8) | 912 (42.8) | |
| Diabetes | No | 3,451 (91.3) | 1,492 (90.5) | 1,959 (91.8) |
| Yes | 330 (8.7) | 156 (9.5) | 174 (8.2) | |
Data are expressed as means±standard deviation, medians (interquartile range), or number (%).
DEHP: di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; MEHHP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEOHP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate; MECPP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate; MnBP: mono-n-butyl phthalate; MBzP: mono-benzyl phthalate; MCOP: mono-carboxyoctyl phthalate; MCNP: mono-carboxy-isononly phthalate; MCPP: mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate; BMI: body mass index.
a2 million won = 1,607 US dollar, 5 million won = 4,018 US dollar.