Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the participants according to status of diabetes (yes and no).
| Characteristics | Category | Male | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=1,492) | Yes (n=156) | p-valuea | No (n=1,965) | Yes (n=174) | p-valuea | ||
| Age | 19–29 | 133 (8.9) | 3 (1.9) | <0.0001 | 136 (6.9) | 9 (5.2) | <0.0001 |
| 30–39 | 219 (14.7) | 5 (3.2) | 311 (15.8) | 7 (4.0) | |||
| 40–49 | 262 (17.6) | 14 (9.0) | 332 (16.9) | 13 (7.5) | |||
| 50–59 | 325 (21.8) | 31 (19.9) | 481 (24.5) | 46 (26.4) | |||
| 60–69 | 353 (23.7) | 62 (39.7) | 456 (23.2) | 64 (36.8) | |||
| ≥70 | 200 (13.4) | 41 (26.3) | 249 (12.9) | 35 (20.1) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9±3.45 | 25.2±3.34 | 0.252 | 24.2±3.47 | 26.0±4.09 | <0.0001 | |
| Education | None | 16 (1.1) | 2 (1.3) | 0.001 | 97 (4.9) | 8 (4.6) | <0.0001 |
| High school | 844 (56.6) | 112 (71.8) | 1,237 (63.0) | 141 (81.0) | |||
| ≥College | 632 (42.4) | 42 (26.9) | 631 (32.1) | 25 (14.4) | |||
| Marital status | Single | 228 (15.3) | 10 (6.4) | 0.008 | 171 (8.7) | 9 (5.2) | 0.132 |
| Married | 1,189 (79.7) | 135 (86.5) | 1,480 (75.3) | 130 (74.7) | |||
| Others | 75 (5.0) | 11 (7.1) | 314 (16.0) | 35 (20.1) | |||
| Household income | <2 million won | 517 (34.7) | 74 (47.4) | 0.001 | 753 (38.3) | 97 (55.7) | <0.0001 |
| 2–5 million won | 713 (47.8) | 71 (45.5) | 889 (45.2) | 61 (35.1) | |||
| ≥5 million won | 255 (17.1) | 11 (7.1) | 313 (15.9) | 16 (9.2) | |||
| Not known | 7 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 10 (0.5) | 0 (0) | |||
| Smoking | None or ex | 996 (66.8) | 109 (69.9) | 0.431 | 1,911 (97.3) | 167 (96.0) | 0.333 |
| Current smoker | 496 (33.2) | 47 (30.1) | 54 (2.7) | 7 (4.0) | |||
| Alcohol | None or ex | 123 (8.2) | 21 (13.5) | 0.028 | 556 (28.3) | 65 (37.4) | 0.012 |
| Current | 1,369 (91.8) | 135 (86.5) | 1,409 (71.7) | 109 (62.6) | |||
| Exercise | No | 772 (51.7) | 89 (57.1) | 0.207 | 1,129 (57.5) | 96 (55.2) | 0.56 |
| Yes | 720 (48.3) | 67 (42.9) | 836 (42.5) | 78 (44.8) | |||
| DEHP | 1st quartile | 393 (26.3) | 19 (12.2) | <0.0001 | 515 (26.3) | 18 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| 2nd quartile | 380 (25.5) | 32 (20.5) | 494 (25.2) | 39 (22.4) | |||
| 3rd quartile | 370 (24.8) | 42 (26.9) | 488 (24.9) | 46 (26.4) | |||
| 4th quartile | 349 (23.4) | 63 (40.4) | 462 (23.6) | 71 (40.8) | |||
| MEHHP | 1st quartile | 396 (26.5) | 16 (10.3) | <0.0001 | 515 (26.3) | 18 (10.3) | <0.0001 |
| 2nd quartile | 378 (25.3) | 34 (21.8) | 498 (25.4) | 38 (21.8) | |||
| 3rd quartile | 369 (24.7) | 43 (27.6) | 484 (24.7) | 47 (27.0) | |||
| 4th quartile | 349 (23.4) | 63 (40.4) | 462 (23.6) | 71 (40.8) | |||
| MEOHP | 1st quartile | 388 (26.0) | 24 (15.4) | <0.0001 | 508 (25.9) | 25 (14.4) | <0.0001 |
| 2nd quartile | 386 (25.9) | 26 (16.7) | 501 (25.6) | 33 (19.0) | |||
| 3rd quartile | 363 (24.3) | 49 (31.4) | 486 (24.8) | 47 (27.0) | |||
| 4th quartile | 355 (23.8) | 57 (36.5) | 464 (23.7) | 69 (39.7) | |||
| MECCP | 1st quartile | 384 (25.7) | 28 (17.9) | 0.001 | 503 (25.7) | 30 (17.2) | <0.0001 |
| 2nd quartile | 381 (25.5) | 31 (19.9) | 499 (25.5) | 34 (19.5) | |||
| 3rd quartile | 374 (25.1) | 38 (24.4) | 490 (25.0) | 44 (25.3) | |||
| 4th quartile | 353 (23.7) | 59 (37.8) | 467 (23.8) | 66 (37.9) | |||
| MnBP | 1st quartile | 390 (26.2) | 22 (14.1) | <0.0001 | 496 (25.3) | 37 (21.3) | 0.358 |
| 2nd quartile | 378 (25.4) | 33 (21.2) | 493 (25.2) | 40 (23.0) | |||
| 3rd quartile | 369 (24.7) | 43 (27.6) | 488 (24.9) | 45 (25.9) | |||
| 4th quartile | 354 (23.7) | 58 (37.2) | 481 (24.6) | 52 (29.9) | |||
| MBzP | 1st quartile | 390 (26.1) | 22 (14.1) | 0.001 | 508 (25.9) | 25 (14.4) | <0.0001 |
| 2nd quartile | 365 (24.5) | 47 (30.1) | 500 (25.5) | 34 (19.5) | |||
| 3rd quartile | 379 (25.4) | 33 (21.2) | 489 (25.0) | 44 (25.3) | |||
| 4th quartile | 358 (24.0) | 54 (34.6) | 462 (23.6) | 71 (40.8) | |||
| MCOP | 1st quartile | 382 (25.6) | 30 (19.2) | 0.31 | 495 (25.3) | 38 (21.8) | 0.082 |
| 2nd quartile | 374 (25.1) | 39 (25.0) | 500 (25.5) | 33 (19.0) | |||
| 3rd quartile | 369 (24.7) | 42 (26.9) | 483 (24.7) | 51 (29.3) | |||
| 4th quartile | 367 (24.6) | 45 (28.8) | 481 (24.6) | 52 (29.9) | |||
| MCNP | 1st quartile | 378 (25.3) | 34 (21.8) | 0.428 | 483 (24.7) | 50 (28.7) | 0.077 |
| 2nd quartile | 365 (24.5) | 47 (30.1) | 500 (25.5) | 33 (19.0) | |||
| 3rd quartile | 376 (25.2) | 36 (23.1) | 496 (25.3) | 38 (21.8) | |||
| 4th quartile | 373 (25.0) | 39 (25.0) | 480 (24.5) | 53 (30.8) | |||
| MCPP | 1st quartile | 389 (26.1) | 23 (14.7) | 0.002 | 501 (25.6) | 32 (18.4) | 0.024 |
| 2nd quartile | 379 (25.4) | 33 (21.2) | 497 (25.4) | 36 (20.7) | |||
| 3rd quartile | 364 (24.4) | 48 (30.8) | 483 (24.7) | 51 (29.3) | |||
| 4th quartile | 360 (24.1) | 52 (33.3) | 478 (24.4) | 55 (31.6) | |||
Data are expressed as means±standard deviation or number (%).
BMI: body mass index; DEHP: di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; MEHHP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEOHP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate; MECPP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate; MnBP: mono-n-butyl phthalate; MBzP: mono-benzyl phthalate; MCOP: mono-carboxyoctyl phthalate; MCNP: mono-carboxy-isononly phthalate; MCPP: mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate.
ap-value calculated by t-test or χ2 tests.