Table 2.

Effects of probiotic or symbiotic administration to dogs with CE.

Treatment	Type of disorder	Effect of the treatment	References
High‐fibre diet with probiotic blend	FRE	Resolution of clinical signs with improvement of faecal scores and Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI) and histologic amelioration.	Rossi et al. (2020)
Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 E1707 with FOS and gum Arabic	FRE	No differences in clinical efficacy, histologic scores or expression of specific cytokines emerged after the treatment.	Schmitz et al. (2015)
Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 E1707 with FOS and gum Arabic	FRE	Increased intestinal biodiversity coupled with a slight increment of the Enterococcus genus relative abundance	Pilla et al. (2019)
Sour milk with three canine‐derived Lactobacillus strains	AD	Normalizing effects in stool consistency and improvement of the animal conditions with reduced vomiting and increased appetite. Remarkable reduction of C. perfringens alphatoxin‐ or enterotoxin‐producing strains	Gomez‐Gallego et al. (2016)
Probiotic VSL#3	IBD	Increased relative abundance of the Faecalibacterium genus and improvement of histological scores with enhancement of regulatory T‐cell markers (FoxP3+ and TGF‐β)	Rossi et al. (2014)
Multi‐strain probiotic	IBD	Increased relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp., rapid clinical remission and increased expression of tight junction proteins	White et al. (2017)