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. 2020 Oct 4;9(10):e1186. doi: 10.1002/cti2.1186

Figure 4.

Figure 4

NETosis induced by pore‐forming GSDMDNT fragment. (a) Upon cytoplasmic Gram‐negative bacterial infection or LPS stimulation, active caspase‐11 triggers robust GSDMD cleavage to generate GSDMDNT domain. Then, the GSDMDNT fragments form pores in nuclear and plasma membranes to NETs in neutrophils. (b) Upon treatment with classical NETosis activators (such as PMA), ROS induces NE release from the granules, leading to NE‐mediated GSDMD cleavage and activation. Cleaved GSDMDNT fragments rupture nuclear and plasma membranes of neutrophil cells, resulting in NET extrusion. CASP‐11, caspase‐11; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NE, neutrophil elastase; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; PMA, phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate; ROS, reactive oxygen species.