Figure 4.

BBR reduces cell apoptosis and oxidative stress by deactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway. (A) Expression levels of p-IκB (Ser32), IκB, NF-κB (nuclear), and NF-κB (cytoplasm) were determined using western blotting. (B) NF-κB nuclear translocation in Müller cells was detected using an immunofluorescence assay (scale bar, 50 µm). ***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001 vs. the control group. ^#P<0.05, ^##P<0.01 and ^###P<0.001 vs. the HG group. BBR, berberine; p, phosphorylated; IκB, NF-κB inhibitor; HG, high glucose; PDTC, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate.