Table 5.

Colostrum dosage forms used for treating internal pathologies and external wounds.

Types of Injuries	Colostrum dosage form	Number of patients enrolled in clinical trials (Male/Female)	Endpoints monitored	Effect observed	Dose and study duration	Reference
Gastrointestinal injury due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	Colostrum powder in the form of tablets/capsules.	7 (7/0)	Intestinal permeability	IGF and TGF-β responsible for analgesic activity	125 ml t.i.d. for 7 days	(Playford et al., 2001)
Inflammation induced for HIV patients for infection in gastroesophageal tract.	Colostrum powder in the form of tablets/capsules or liquid colostrum.	87 (27/60)	Stool frequency; self-reported fatigue; CD4+ count; body weight	Mucosal integrity, tissue repair, and antimicrobial actions	16 G b.i.d. for 4 weeks	(Kaducu et al., 2011)
Diabetes Delayed injury healing due to increase in blood glucose levels	Colostrum topical cream or colostrum powder in the form of tablets/capsules.	18 (9/9)	Postprandial blood glucose; triglycerides; cholesterol; ketone bodies	Reduction of blood glucose, which starts wound healing problem in diabetic patients.	10 G daily	(Kim et al., 2009)
Repair of muscle, bone tissue, skin cartilage, and nerve cells.	Colostrum topical cream or colostrum powder in the form of tablets/capsules	No clinical studies were done in humans; only in vitro cell line studies were done.	Increases the migration of WI38 fibroblasts	Nucleotides, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor, and IGF-1 promote wound healing and DNA, RNA damage repair.	10 G per 100 G of cream composition	(Takayama et al., 2001)
Ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced photo damage	Colostrum topical cream	Pre-clinical studies done on seven-week-old male Hos : HR-1 hairless mice.	Trans-epidermal water loss starts to increase.	Lactoferrin capable of preventing damage to the skin	10 G per 100 G of the cream composition	(Murata et al., 2014)
Infection with diarrhoeic E. coli in children	Colostrum powder in the form of tablets/capsules	27 (13/14)	Stool frequency; elimination of strainsexpressing virulence factors	Decrease stool frequency	21 G once daily for 14 days	(Huppertz et al., 1999)
Chronic pain syndrome	Colostrum powder in the form of tablets/capsules	4(2/2)	Flow cytometry; cytokine analysis;IGF-1; apoptosis	Apoptotic effect on monocytes	20 G once daily for 14 days	(Waaga-Gasser et al., 2009)
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)	Colostrum enemas	14(6/8)	Mild-to-moderate severe distal colitis (IBD), histological score was used for clinical assessment	Improvement in histological scores showed reduction of IBD symptoms.	100 ml of 10% BC solution enemas b.i.d	(Khan et al., 2002)