Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of CRO-infected patients stratified by 30-day mortality.
| Characteristic | Survivors (n = 85) | Non-survivors (n = 42) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52.13 ± 14.40 | 55.26 ± 14.20 | 0.249 |
| Male sex | 62 (72.9) | 37 (88.1) | 0.053 |
| Hospital-acquired infection | 75 (88.2) | 38 (90.5) | 0.938 |
| APACHE II score | 15.34 ± 5.64 | 16.21 ± 6.90 | 0.448 |
| Transferring wards during hospitalizationa | 45 (52.9) | 24 (57.1) | 0.655 |
| History of prior hospitalizationa | 65 (76.5) | 29 (69.0) | 0.369 |
| ICU admissiona | 33 (38.8) | 21 (50.0) | 0.231 |
| Surgerya | 56 (65.9) | 25 (59.5) | 0.483 |
| CRE colonizationa | 7/35 (20.0) | 6/19 (31.6) | 0.342 |
| Immunosuppressive agentsa | 6 (7.1) | 5 (11.9) | 0.361 |
| Location at time of culture | |||
| Intensive care unit | 27 (31.8) | 13 (31.0) | 0.074 |
| Medical ward | 33 (38.8) | 9 (21.4) | |
| Surgical ward | 25 (29.4) | 20 (47.6) | |
| Culture sources | |||
| Blood | 13 (15.3) | 11 (26.2) | 0.313 |
| Sputum | 56 (65.9) | 23 (54.8) | |
| Broncho-alveolar lavage | 16 (18.8) | 8 (19.0) | |
| Microbiology | |||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 27 (31.8) | 18 (42.9) | 0.465 |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 55 (64.7) | 23 (54.8) | |
| Polymicrobialb | 3 (3.5) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Concomitant infection by other sources | 7(8.2) | 1 (2.4) | 0.374 |
| Concomitant infection by other pathogensc | 34 (40.0) | 23 (54.8) | 0.116 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 3 | 1 | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 7 | 4 | |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 2 | 4 | |
| Candida species | 13 | 12 | |
| Others | 11 | 3 | |
| Carbapenemase genes | |||
| blaKPC | 30 (35.3) | 19 (45.2) | 0.279 |
| blaOXA−48 | 58 (68.2) | 24 (57.1) | 0.219 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Pulmonary disease | 48 (56.5) | 26 (61.9) | 0.559 |
| Cardiovascular diseased | 49 (57.6) | 28 (66.7) | 0.328 |
| Neurologic disease | 59 (69.4) | 15 (35.7) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal disease | 24 (28.2) | 10 (23.8) | 0.596 |
| Hepatobiliary disease | 23 (27.1) | 18 (42.9) | 0.073 |
| Renal disease | 15 (17.6) | 16 (38.1) | 0.012 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 15 (17.6) | 5 (11.9) | 0.403 |
| Malignancy | 8 (9.4) | 5 (11.9) | 0.663 |
| Immune rheumatic disease | 4 (4.7) | 1 (2.4) | 1.000 |
| Multiple trauma | 19 (22.4) | 5 (11.9) | 0.157 |
| Invasive procedures or treatmentsa | |||
| Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter | 71 (83.5) | 36 (85.7) | 0.750 |
| Tracheotomy | 67 (78.8) | 37 (88.1) | 0.202 |
| Bronchofiberscope | 73 (85.9) | 39 (92.9) | 0.393 |
| Urinary catheter | 71 (83.5) | 29 (69.0) | 0.061 |
| Nasogastric tube | 56 (65.9) | 22 (52.4) | 0.141 |
| Puncture or biopsy | 12 (14.1) | 7 (16.7) | 0.705 |
| Surgical drainage | 69 (81.2) | 33 (78.6) | 0.728 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 23 (27.1) | 27 (64.3) | <0.001 |
| Multiple organ failure | 27 (31.8) | 29 (69.0) | <0.001 |
| Antibiotic therapy | |||
| Appropriate therapy | 59 (69.4) | 35 (83.3) | 0.092 |
| Early appropriate therapy | 39 (45.9) | 25 (59.5) | 0.148 |
| Appropriate monotherapy | 42 (49.4) | 23 (54.8) | 0.570 |
| Appropriate combination therapy | 17 (20.0) | 12 (28.6) | 0.279 |
| Biological parameters | |||
| WBC counts (× 109/L) | 10.36 (7.36–14.23) | 13.79 (10.18–17.28) | 0.002 |
| Neutrophils proportion (%) | 81.60 (74.80–88.75) | 90.70 (85.55–92.93) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte counts (× 109/L) | 1.08 (0.77–1.79) | 0.57 (0.34–0.79) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 95.00 (81.00–110.50) | 93.00 (78.75–107.00) | 0.289 |
| Platelet counts (× 109/L) | 189.00 (124.50–283.00) | 94.00 (46.00–195.50) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 22.00 (14.00–44.50) | 27.50 (15.00–87.00) | 0.181 |
| AST (U/L) | 28.00 (22.00–43.00) | 37.00 (24.00–89.75) | 0.030 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 31.60 (28.65–36.70) | 32.80 (27.13–36.40) | 0.762 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 56.00 (40.50–84.50) | 84.00 (48.75–114.00) | 0.010 |
| Immunology parameters | |||
| CD4+ T cells (/μl) | 412.00 (251.50–660.50) | 154.50 (72.25–277.50) | <0.001 |
| CD8+ T cells (/μl) | 236.00 (149.50–416.50) | 97.00 (56.75–162.50) | <0.001 |
| NK cells (/μl) | 78.00 (39.00–162.00) | 26.00 (14.75–58.25) | <0.001 |
| IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells (%) | 21.25 (14.60–28.29) | 12.79 (7.49–20.55) | <0.001 |
| IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells (%) | 55.17 (38.20–67.83) | 42.22 (20.53–63.97) | 0.023 |
| IFN-γ+ NK cells (%) | 55.70 (33.77–81.43) | 45.11 (22.89–68.60) | 0.028 |
| IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells (/μl) | 75.00 (45.00–141.00) | 19.50 (7.50–36.25) | <0.001 |
| IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells (/μl) | 107.00 (61.50–191.50) | 35.00 (15.75–70.75) | <0.001 |
| IFN-γ+ NK cells (/μl) | 39.00 (16.00–72.00) | 11.50 (5.00–19.25) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as means ± SD, medians (25th-75th centiles) or number (percentage).
APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ICU, intensive care unit; CRE, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; KPC, K pneumoniae carbapenemase; OXA, oxacillinase; WBC, white blood cells; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; NK, Natural killer cell.
a
within 30 days of collection of the first positive culture.
b
patients coinfected with A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae.
c
including patients coinfected with A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae.
d
including hypertension.