Table 2.
Biological parameters and CTSS plasma levels of the study population.
| Parameters | Control (n = 43) | Non-OSA&T2D (n = 15) | OSA&non-T2D (n = 66) | OSA&T2D (n = 34) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FBG (mmol/L) | 5.1 (4.9-5.3) | 6.1 (4.9-6.7)∗ | 5.2 (5.0-5.6) | 7.4 (6.0-9.5)£££ | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 (5.4-6.0) | 6.6 (6.1-7.3) | 5.7 (5.3-5.9) | 7.1 (6.5-8.5) £ | <0.001 |
| GPS (%) | 13.7 (12.6-14.5) | 17.4 (15.3-21.4)∗∗ | 12.8 (11.9-13.6) | 17.6 (15.0-21.3)£££ | <0.001 |
| Duration of T2D (years) | / | 24.0 (14.0-72.0) | / | 36.0 (18.0-88.0) | 0.462 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.6 (4.1-5.2) | 4.1 (3.5-4.9) | 5.2 (4.6-6.0)§§ | 4.6 (3.8-5.7)£ | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.8-1.8) | 1.3 (0.9-1.4) | 1.6 (1.2-2.2)§ | 1.7 (1.3-2.1) | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1.1-1.4) | 1.2 (1.0-1.6) | 1.2 (1.0-1.3) | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 0.231 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.7 (2.3-3.2) | 2.4 (1.7-3.3) | 3.3 (2.9-3.9)§§ | 2.7 (2.1-3.5)£ | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.8 (0.3-2.1) | 2.0 (0.6-7.0) | 1.3 (0.5-2.3) | 1.7 (1.0-4.7) | 0.018 |
| Platelet (G/L) | 216.5 (176.3-262.8) | 228.0 (171.0-280.0) | 226.0 (198.0-257.0) | 212.0 (188.5-260.5) | 0.777 |
| Leukocyte (G/L) | 5.6 (4.8-7.1) | 6.3 (5.2-7.9) | 6.1 (5.3-7.3) | 6.9 (5.5-7.7) | 0.289 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 343.4 (294.5-397.3) | 337.6 (257.4-386.4) | 399.0 (330.8-484.3)§ | 393.9 (342.2-472.7) | 0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 20.5 (12.8-31.3) | 25.0 (20.0-41.0) | 26.0 (16.0-36.5) | 29.0 (16.5-43.5) | 0.082 |
| GGT (U/L) | 23.0 (16.0-35.0) | 28.5 (21.5-48.5) | 31.5 (20.0-48.5) | 41.5 (27.0-63.0) | 0.004 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 10.2 (8.5-15.4) | 12.7 (8.9-15.7) | 12.0 (9.3-15.7) | 10.7 (8.8-16.3) | 0.857 |
| Urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.7 (4.1-5.9) | 5.9 (4.2-7.8) | 5.0 (4.5-5.9) | 5.0 (4.2-6.3) | 0.354 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 65.9 (54.1-74.8) | 59.7 (58.4-64.2) | 70.7 (60.8-78.9) | 64.1 (57.3-76.4) | 0.027 |
| ALP (U/L) | 73.0 (63.0-90.0) | 72.0 (60.0-91.8) | 72.0 (61.5-84.5) | 78.0 (62.0-88.5) | 0.919 |
| AST (U/L) | 20.0 (18.0-24.3) | 21.0 (16.0-35.0) | 22.0 (19.0-26.0) | 22.0 (18.5-31.5) | 0.522 |
| Creatine kinase (U/L) | 96.0 (70.0-121.0) | 66.0 (54.0-85.5) | 110.0 (70.0-145.0) | 94.0 (71.0-128.5) | 0.071 |
| CTSS (ng/mL) | 1.96 (1.35-3.78) | 6.10 (3.37-8.01)∗∗ | 6.93 (5.73-8.18)§§§ | 8.37 (6.64-10.08)† | <0.001 |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range). ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗P < 0.01, and ∗P < 0.05 between non-OSA&T2D and control. §§§P < 0.001, §§P < 0.01, and §P < 0.05 between OSA&non-T2D and control. †††P < 0.001, ††P < 0.01, and †P < 0.05 between OSA&T2D and non-OSA&T2D. £££P < 0.001, ££P < 0.01, and £P < 0.05 between OSA&T2D and OSA&non-T2D. OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; T2D: type 2 diabetes; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; GPS: glycosylated serum protein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; CTSS: cathepsin S.