Table 3.
Bivariable and multivariable analyses of stigma resistance among people with bipolar disorder attending the outpatient department at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016 (n = 418).
| Variables | Stigma resistance | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good | Poor | ||||
| Employment status | Employeda | 101 | 163 | 1.00 | |
| Unemployed | 79 | 75 | 1.69 (1.14-2.54) | 1.65 (1.35-3.87) | |
|
| |||||
| Marital status | Single | 97 | 126 | 1.61 (0.90-2.89) | 1.45 (0.88-2.39) |
| Divorced/widowed | 62 | 68 | 1.91 (1.02-3.56) | 0.57 (0.29-1.08) | |
| Marrieda | 21 | 44 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||
| Educational status | Unable to read and write | 34 | 28 | 1.90 (1.102-3.56) | 1.54 (0.76-3.12) |
| Primary | 42 | 61 | 1.02 (0.63-1.86) | 1.02 (0.57-1.84) | |
| Secondary | 60 | 80 | 1.18 (0.71-1.95) | 1.09 (0.63-1.88) | |
| College and abovea | 44 | 69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||
| Current episode | Manica | 141 | 169 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Depressive | 39 | 69 | 0.68 (0.43-1.06) | 1.24 (0.74-2.06) | |
|
| |||||
| Number of episodes | <2 yearsa | 64 | 103 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≥2 years | 116 | 135 | 0.72 (0.48-1.08) | 0.74 (0.47-1.17) | |
|
| |||||
| Internalized stigma | Yes | 112 | 202 | 2.94 (0.18-0.48) | 3.04 (1.83-5.05) |
| Noa | 68 | 36 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||
| Self-esteem | Low | 63 | 117 | 1.29 (0.85-1.96) | 2.13 (1.72-6.76) |
| Higha | 70 | 168 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
|
| |||||
| Social support level | Poor | 82 | 94 | 1.77 (1.05-2.98) | 1.40 (0.02-3.20) |
| Moderate | 67 | 81 | 1.68 (0.98-2.88) | 1.75 (0.98-3.09) | |
| Stronga | 31 | 63 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
aReference variable. OR: crude odds ratio; AOR: adjusted odds ratio.