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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Nanotechnol. 2020 Jun 1;15(7):605–614. doi: 10.1038/s41565-020-0693-6

Figure 6. Zwitterionic micelle/insulin aqueous formulation loses pharmacological activity through direct oral administration but shows stability to form dry powders for potentially oral capsule formulation.

Figure 6.

Blood glucose lowering (pharmacological) performance for (a) DSPE-PCB/insulin and (b) polysorbate 80/insulin aqueous formulation on diabetic mice through oral gavage at 20 and 30 IU/Kg compared with ileum injection at 20 IU/kg (N=3 biologically independent animals, means connected). Insulin/ZnCl2 feeding ratio is 2.5/1 by weight. S.c. injected native insulin at 5 IU/Kg was used as a control (1 IU/ml). (c) Blood glucose lowering (pharmacological) performance for DSPE-PCB/insulin and polysorbate 80/insulin aqueous formulation on diabetic mice through ileum injection at 20 IU/Kg before and after a lyophilization procedure (N=3 biologically independent animals, means connected).