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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 5.
Published in final edited form as: N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 17;383(12):1156–1166. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1911109

Figure 4. Activation and Functional Consequences of Suppressive Cells.

Figure 4.

Tregs and other suppressive cells circulate and reside in lymphoid and somatic tissues to control unwanted autoimmune and inflammatory responses. Multiple cell–cell contacts, as well as soluble molecules (including the roduction of metabolites by microbiota), are generated by Tregs or antigen-presenting cells after Treg interactions to control immunity. Tregs can also act through bystander suppression, leading to dominant local immunosuppression and tolerance induction. IDO denotes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, SCFA short-chain fatty acid, Th3 type 3 helper T cell, and Tr1 type 1 regulatory T cell.