Table 1.
Identified Fusarium and other fungal pathogens of sea turtles.
| Host species | Fungal species | Host origin and date of first observation | Place of detection | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family: Cheloniidae | ||||
| loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) | Fusarium solani | 1996, Barcelona, Spain | found in the wild offshore, brought into captivity for rehabilitation | Cabanes et al. 1997 |
| loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) | Fusarium solani | Bimini, Bahamas, USA | captivity | Cabanes et al. 1997 |
| loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) | Fusarium solani | Boavista, Cap Verde, Africa | wild | Sarmiento-Ramirez et al. 2010 |
| loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) | Paecilomyces sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp. | turtles obtained from farms on Badu, Sue, Yam, Coconut and Yorke islands in the Torres Strait and from an oceanarium on Magnetic Island near Townsville, Australia | captivity | Glazebrook et al. 1993 |
| loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) | Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii | Mon Repos Conservation Park, Bundaberg; 1997-1998 | wild | Phillott and Parmenter 2001 |
| loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) | Aspergillus sp., Chrysosporium sp., Fusarium sp. and Penicillum sp. were identified in nests and eggshells; Absidia sp., Calindrocarpon sp., Emericella sp. and Mucor sp. were only identified in nests; Cladosporium sp. and Thielavia sp. were only identified in eggshells; | Fethiye beach, Turkey; 2004 | wild | Gücül et al. 2010 |
| loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) | Fusarium falciforme, Fusarium keratoplasticum | Jekyll Island, GA, USA; 2010 and 2012; | wild | Brofft Bailey et al. 2018 |
| loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) | Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii | Heron Island, Wreck Island, Peak Island, Milman Island, Mon Repos Conservation Park; 1996/1997 & 1998/1999 | wild | Phillott et al. 2004 |
| green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) | Paecilomyces sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp. | turtles obtained from farms on Badu, Sue, Yam, Coconut and Yorke islands in the Torres Strait and from an oceanarium on Magnetic Island near Townsville, Australia | captivity | Glazebrook et al. 1993 |
| green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) | Fusarium sp., Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum | Terengganu and Melaka, Malaysia; 2010 | wild | Sidique et al. 2017 |
| green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) | Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii | Heron Island, Australia; | wild | Phillott and Parmenter 2006 |
| green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) | Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii | Heron Island, Australia; 1996-1997 | wild | Phillott and Parmenter 2014 |
| green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) | Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii | Heron Island, Australia; 1997-1998 | wild | Phillott and Parmenter 2001 |
| green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) | Fusarium falciforme, Fusarium keratoplasticum, Pseudallescheria sp., Scedosporium sp., Aspergillus sp., Phoma sp., Alternaria sp., Gymnascella sp., Pleosporales sp. | English bay, North East bay, Pan Am beach and Long beach at Ascension Island; | wild | Sarmiento-Ramirez et al. 2017 |
| green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) | Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii | Heron Island, Wreck Island, Peak Island, Milman Island, Mon Repos Conservation Park; 1996/1997 & 1998/1999 | wild | Phillott et al. 2004 |
| green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) | Paecilomyces sp., Fusarium scirpi, Penicillium sp. | turtle farms in the Torres Strait; April 1977 to September 1980; two hawksbill turtles from a group of experimental specimens on Yorke Island | captivity | Glazebrook & Campbell 1990 |
| green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) | Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Asperigllus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Emericella nidulans, Eurotium amstelodami, Eurotium rubrun, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichoderma viride | Ras Al Jinz Reserve, Oman,Asien; 2003 | wild | Elshafie et al. 2007 |
| hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) | Fusarium sp., Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum | Terengganu and Melaka, Malaysia; 2010 | wild | Sidique et al. 2017 |
| hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) | Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii | Milman Island, Australia; | wild | Phillott and Parmenter 2006 |
| hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) | Fusarium falciforme | La Playita beach at Machalilla National Park, Ecuador; 2012 | wild | Sarmiento-Ramirez et al. 2014b |
| hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) | Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosproium cladosporioides, Nigrospora grisea, Fusarium solani, Fusarium lateritium, Fusarium oxysporum | beaches of Muro Alto, Cupe and Merepe, Pernambuco State, Brazil; | wild | Neves et al. 2015 |
| hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) | Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii | Heron Island, Wreck Island, Peak Island, Milman Island, Mon Repos Conservation Park; 1996/1997 & 1998/1999 | wild | Phillot et al. 2004 |
| hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) | Paecilomyces sp., Fusarium scirpi, Penicillium sp. | turtle farms in the Torres Strait; April 1977 to September 1980; two hawksbill turtles from a group of experimental specimens on Yorke Island | captivity | Glazebrook & Campbell 1990 |
| olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) | Saksenaea sp., Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Cladosproium sp., Mucor sp., Allescheria sp., Acremonium sp., Penicillium sp. | Nancite beach, Costa Rica; 1987 – 1991 | wild | Mo et al. 1992 |