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Vespula species are major invasive pests. A–C. Examples of (A) Vespula germanica, (B) Vespula pensylvanica (Jon Sullivan, public domain), and (C) Vespula vulgaris (Sid Mosdell, CC BY 2.0). D. Native and invaded ranges of the sequenced Vespula species. E. Rooted phylogenetic species tree of Vespula species and other sequenced Hymenoptera, with Drosophila melanogaster as an outspecies, derived from 415 orthogroups using OrthoFinder.
