Figure 2.

A. Assembled chromosome lengths of the three Vespula species. Chromosomes were named in order of scaffold length in V. pensylvanica. B. Synteny between selected chromosomes of Vespula species. Chromosome 1 has minor translocations and inversions but is syntenic overall. Chromosome 2 has a larger inversion between V. pensylvanica and V. germanica that is not present in V. vulgaris. Chromosome 5 has a large translocation and inversion between V. pensylvanica and V. germanica. Chromosome lengths are scaled to chromosome 1. C. Shared orthogroups between the three Vespula species. D. The pan and core genomes of Hymenoptera. The core genome (the set of orthogroups present in all genomes sampled) decreases as more genomes are sampled, to a final core genome size of 3,092 orthogroups when all 26 hymenopteran genomes are compared. The pan genome (the total set of orthogroups present in one or more of the sampled genomes) does not continue to grow as more genomes are sampled, indicating a closed hymenopteran pan genome. We predicted more orthogroups (13,141–14,022 orthogroups) in Vespula species than in non-Vespula Hymenoptera (median 9,193 orthogroups), which resulted in a larger pan genome in comparisons that included Vespula species. We only analyzed genes that were assigned to an orthogroup, and we plotted a random subset of 1,000 comparisons for genome numbers that resulted in more than 1000 comparisons.