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Among responders (R) and non-responders (NR), how high-intensity exercise improves the phenotype through the gut microbiota (left) and their carbohydrate and amino acid fermentation mechanisms, respectively (right). Blue and red indicate selective significant changes in R and NR, respectively.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 by Wilcoxon rank-sum test between R and NR. Reprint with permission from Liu et al.[31]
