Table 1.
Conventional intervention methods for prediabetes
| Intervention type | Cohort size (country of residence) |
Groups size | Methods (period) | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle | 109 persons enriched for pre-DM (USA) | I = 109 | Self-monitoring lifestyle changes (8 years, median 2.8 years) | [22] |
| 59 pre-DM (USA), | I = 29, C = 30 | I, 45 g/day of RS; C, amylopectin (12 weeks) | [84] | |
| 200 pre-DM and NAFLD (China) | AEx = 50, LCh = 50, AEx + LCh = 50, C = 50 | AEx, supervised individualized exercise (mainly aerobic exercise); LCh, individualized diet based on current dietary intake and body weight; AEx + LCh, combined AEx and LCh program; C, maintaining personal level of physical activity and habitual eating (6 months) | [85] | |
| 641 pre-DM (Japan) | I = 311, C = 330 | All participants were instructed to reduce total energy intake and increase physical activity, aiming at a 5% reduction in body weight with coaching. I, individual instructions 9 times; C, individual instructions 4 times (3 years) | [20] | |
| 522 pre-DM (Finland) | I = 265, C = 257 | I, individualized counseling about reducing weight, healthy diet, and physical activity; C, no specific individualized programs were offered (6 years) | [41] | |
| 13 pre-DM, 16 healthy (USA) | I = 14, C = 15 | I, 2 g/day XOS; C, 2 g/day placebo (8 weeks) | [46] | |
| 44 pre-DM (the Netherlands) | I = 21, C = 23 | I, 15 g/day GOS; C, 15 g/day placebo (12 weeks) | [50] | |
| 39 pre-DM (China) | I = 20, C = 19 | I, high-intensity supervised exercise; C, sedentary control (12 weeks) | [31] | |
| Supplement | 30 pre-DM (Australia) | I = 15, C = 15 | I, 10 g/day prebiotic; C, 10 g/day placebo (12 weeks intervention + 2 weeks washout + 12 weeks crossover intervention) | [86] |
| 26 pre-DM (New Zealand) | I = 26 | Consumed 2 SunGold kiwifruits/day (12 weeks) | [87] | |
| 200 pre-DM (Sri Lanka) | I = 100, C = 100 | I, received zinc at 20 mg/day; C, placebo capsule (12 months) | [19] | |
| 120 pre-DM (Iran) | Probiotics = 40, Symbiotic = 40, Placebo = 40 |
Probiotic, 6 g/day containing freeze-dried Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Bifidobacter longum (1.5 × 109 for each) with maltodextrin as the filler; Synbiotics, 6 g/day comprising the above-mentioned probiotics plus inulin as a prebiotic; Placebo, 6 g/day maltodextrin (24 weeks) | [33] | |
| 200 pre-DM (China) | I = 100, C = 100 | I, 840 mg/day probiotics consisting of live combined Bifidobacterium longum, L. acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis; C, 840 mg/day placebo (24 months) | [88] | |
| 2423 pre-DM (multi- country) | I = 1211, C = 1212 | I, 4000 IU/day of vitamin D; C, placebo (median 2.5 years) | [89] | |
| Drug/drug + lifestyle | 93 NGT, 150 pre- DM,194 DM (India) | I (LSM, MET, LSM + MET) = 321, C = 116 | LSM, advice on lifestyle; MET, 500 g/day metformin; LSM + MET, LSM plus MET; C, standard healthcare advice (median 30 months) | [90] |
| 531 pre-DM (India) | LSM = 133, MET = 133, LSM + MET = 129, C = 136 | LSM, 30 min/day exercise and individualized diet modification; MET, 250 mg metformin twice daily (increase to 500 mg twice daily for some days); LSM + MET, LSM plus MET; C, given standard healthcare advice (median 30 months) | [19] | |
| 101 NASH and either pre-DM or DM (USA) | I = 50, C = 51 | I, pioglitazone 45 mg/day; C, placebo (18 months) | [81] | |
| 1945 pre-DM (China) | CLI = 972, ILI = 973 | CLI + placebo, CLI with placebo; CLI + pioglitazone HCl, CLI with pioglitazone HCl 30 mg/day; ILI + placebo, ILI with placebo; ILI + pioglitazone HCl, ILI with pioglitazone HCl 30 mg/day (3 years) | [91] |
pre-DM: prediabetes mellitus; I: intervention group; C: control group; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; AEx: exercise group; LCh: diet group; RS: amylose; NGT: normoglycemia; DM: diabetes; NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; XOS: xylooligosaccharide; GOS: galacto-oligosaccharide; CLI: conventional lifestyle intervention (received the usual lifestyle modification advice at baseline and annual visits, without any individualized counseling); HCl: hydrochloride; ILI: intensive lifestyle intervention (educated at each visit; received personalized advice on exercise, diet, and weight control); PIB: partial ileal bypass.