Table 1.

Participant characteristics ($N=\mathrm{2,325}$).

	N	(%)
Sex
Female	1,361	(58.5)
Male	964	(41.5)
Age [mean years (SD)]	56.2	(8.1)
Study center
Arizona	312	(13.4)
Oklahoma	981	(42.2)
North and South Dakota	1,032	(44.4)
Total urinary As [mean $\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ creatinine (SD)]	11.7	(10.6)
$<5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ creatinine	533	(22.9)
$5–10\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ creatinine	1,252	(53.8)
$>10\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ creatinine	540	(23.2)
Total urinary As by study center [mean $\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}$ creatinine (SD)]
Arizona	18.9	(12.14)
Oklahoma	6.9	(5.51)
North and South Dakota	14.1	(11.75)
Education
$<\text{High\hspace{0.17em}school}$ diploma	963	(41.4)
High school diploma or GED	658	(28.3)
$>\text{High\hspace{0.17em}school}$ diploma	704	(30.3)
Smoking
Never smoker	684	(29.4)
Former smoker	748	(32.2)
Current smoker	893	(38.4)
BMI [mean (SD)]	30.3	(6.1)
Diabetes statusa
Diabetes diagnosis	968	(41.6)
Not diagnosed with diabetes	1,357	(58.4)
eGFR [mean mL/min (SD)]	987.4	(16.8)

Note: BMI, body mass index; eGFR, Estimated glomerular filtration rate; GED, General Education Diploma.

^aFasting glucose ($\ge 126\mathrm{mg}/\text{dL}$), 2-h post-load plasma glucose ($\ge 200\mathrm{mg}/\text{dL}$), HbA1c ($\ge 6.5\%$), or taking diabetes medication. Data are complete for all variables.