View full-text article in PMC Stat Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 5. Published in final edited form as: Stat Med. 2019 May 22;38(20):3832–3860. doi: 10.1002/sim.8206 Search in PMC Search in PubMed View in NLM Catalog Add to search Copyright and License information PMC Copyright notice FIGURE A14. Relative error in model-based standard errors in simulation study for inverse probability weighting, ANCOVA- type, and pseudo-observation methods, sample size n=250 Note: The relative error is defined as ModSE−EmpSEEmpSE, where ModSE=1nsim∑i=1nsimV^(θ^i) and EmpSE=1nsim−1∑i=1nsim(θ^i−θ¯).