Figure 1.

Experiment design. Each subject participated in three separate sessions. For each session, one of the following three TMS conditions was delivered: cerebellar theta (theta-burst), cerebellar beta (20 Hz), or control-location stimulation (either theta or beta). The induced electrical field (normE) is illustrated for a sample participant. Following stimulation on each session, subjects performed a mixed sentence reading and single-word encoding task while scalp EEG was recorded. This portion of the task occurred during the period when the effects of stimulation on neural function were likely maximal. Recognition memory for words studied during the EEG phase was tested after a delay, such that retrieval occurred after the effects of stimulation had decayed (Materials and Methods).