Fit of potential GDDM models. Various models were fit to the exploration data from Monkey 1 (a, c) or Monkey 2 (b, d) and subsequently evaluated with HOLL on the validation data. Color represents the HOLL of the model, with higher values indicating a better fit. a, b, Models were constructed by selecting one urgency signal (Fig. 4b) and one reward mechanism (Fig. 4a). Models with HOLL outside the range of the color bar are shown in black with their corresponding overlaid HOLL value. c, d, Models were constructed using the delayed collapse urgency signal in conjunction with one or two reward mechanisms (Fig. 4a). Models with only one reward mechanism appear on the diagonal. All models used leaky integration.